Mengenal Jenis-Jenis Kelainan Kromosom

Mengenal Jenis-Jenis Kelainan Kromosom
Credits: Freepik

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Tubuh manusia tersusun dari sel-sel tubuh yang memiliki molekul DNA berbentuk benang yang disebut kromosom. Rangkaian kromosom yang terlihat di bawah mikroskop disebut dengan istilah kariotipe. Setiap adanya ketidaknormalan dari kariotipe inilah yang dikenal dengan kelainan kromosom.

Beberapa kelainan kromosom mungkin tidak berbahaya, tetapi sebagian lainnya dapat memengaruhi perkembangan tubuh dan kondisi kesehatan seseorang.

 

Jenis-Jenis Kelainan Kromosom

Ada beberapa jenis kelainan kromosom yang dikenal selama ini, di antaranya:

Trisomi 21

Trisomi 21 atau disebut juga sindrom Down adalah jenis kelainan kromosom yang menyebabkan cacat lahir tertentu seperti masalah belajar dan fitur wajah yang berbeda dari anak-anak lain pada umumnya. Sindrom Down juga memungkinkan seorang anak memiliki kelainan pada jantung serta masalah di penglihatan ataupun pendengaran.

Keparahan kelainan akibat sindrom Down berbeda-beda pada masing-masing anak. Pada umumnya anak-anak dengan sindrom Down memiliki ciri-ciri khas, di antaranya:

  • Mata yang agak miring ke atas
  • Telinga kecil dan mungkin terlipat sebagian di atas
  • Mulut kecil yang membuat lidah tampak besar
  • Hidung kecil dengan batang pipih
  • Leher pendek
  • Tangan kecil dengan jari pendek
  • Telapak tangan hanya memiliki dua lipatan saja
  • Tubuh pendek
  • Persendian yang longgar

Selain ciri-ciri di atas, sebagian besar anak dengan sindrom Down memiliki problem kesehatan lain seperti kelainan jantung, gangguan pada usus, gangguan penglihatan, gangguan pendengaran, gangguan tiroid, leukemia, gangguan belajar dan risiko infeksi.

 

Baca Juga: Tes Ini Dilakukan Untuk Mendiagnosis Sindrom Down (Down Syndrome) Saat Hamil

 

Sindrom X Fragile

Sindrom X fragile adalah penyebab utama cacat intelektual bawaan seperti autisme. Sebagian autisme pada anak disebabkan oleh sindrom x fragile.

Kondisi ini tidak mengancam jiwa dan lebih sering dialami oleh anak laki-laki dibanding perempuan. Anak-anak dengan sindrom x fragile memiliki masalah intelijensia, di antaranya:

  • Gangguan belajar
  • IQ rendah
  • Tonggak perkembangan awal yang tertunda
  • Keterlambatan perkembangan komunikasi
  • Kesulitan dalam berhitung
  • Kesulitan dalam belajar bahasa dan berkomunikasi

 

Sindrom Klinefelter

Sindrom Klinefelter adalah kelainan kromosom yang terjadi pada anak laki-laki akibat adanya salinan tambahan kromosom X. Kelainan ini dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan testis sehingga menghasilkan testis yang lebih kecil dari biasanya, menyebabkan rendahnya produksi testosteron, massa otot berkurang, rambut tubuh dan wajah berkurang, dan jaringan payudara membesar.

 

Sindrom Triple X

Sindrom triple X disebut juga trisomi X. Kelainan kromosom ini terjadi saat anak perempuan memiliki tiga kromosom X. Kelainan ini menyebabkan keterlambatan perkembangan, ketidakmampuan belajar, kejang, masalah ginjal, problem psikologi seperti kecemasan dan depresi, serta kelemahan otot.

 

Sindrom Turner

Sindrom Turner adalah kelainan kromosom yang terjadi saat bayi perempuan memiliki satu kromosom X yang normal. Anak perempuan yang memiliki masalah ini memiliki tinggi tubuh yang lebih pendek dari rata-rata, ovarium yang kurang berkembang, serta periode bulanan dan infertilitas yang kurang.

 

Baca Juga: Mengenal Fetus in Fetu, Kelainan Langka Janin di Dalam Janin

 

Trisomi 18

Trisomi 18 atau dikenal dengan istilah sindrom Edward adalah kelainan genetik yang menyebabkan keterlambatan pertumbuhan fisik selama perkembangan janin. Umumnya anak-anak yang memiliki kelainan ini mengalami komplikasi kesehatan yang dapat mengancam jiwa. Bila mereka bisa bertahan dan melewati tahun pertama usianya, mereka mungkin menghadapi tantangan intelektual yang berat.

 

Trisomi 13

Trisomi 13 atau disebut juga sindrom Patau adalah kelainan genetik yang menyebabkan anak memiliki ekstrakromosom ke-13. Anak dengan sindrom Patau dilahirkan dengan berat badan lahir rendah, adanya masalah dalam struktur otak yang memengaruhi bentuk wajah.

 

Untuk mendeteksi kelainan kromosom perlu dilakukan serangkaian tes DNA seperti tes NIPT, amniocentesis, skrining bayi baru lahir dan lain sebagainya. Konsultasikan dengan dokter melalui aplikasi Ai Care untuk memilih jenis skrining yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan Anda.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Selasa, 16 Mei 2023 | 04:41

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Genetic Disorders. Available from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21751-genetic-disorders 

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Fragile X Syndrome. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5476-fragile-x-syndrome 

Medline Plus (2021). What is a chromosome?. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/chromosome/ 

Yourgenome.org (2021). What is a chromosome disorder?. Available from: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-chromosome-disorder/ 

Stanford Medicine Children's Health. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) in Children. Available from: https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=down-syndrome-trisomy-21-90-P02356 

Mayo Clinic (2019). Klinefelter syndrome. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/klinefelter-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353949 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Triple X syndrome. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/triple-x-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350977 

NHS UK (2021). Turner syndrome. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/turner-syndrome/ 

Cleveland Clinic (2021).
Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22172-edwards-syndrome 

WebMD (2023). What Is Trisomy 13?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/children/trisomy-13 

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7751 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7751
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.64msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9644 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9644
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.76msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8759 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8759
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.76msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7162 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7162
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7575 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6666
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2280 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2280
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.07msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8141 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8141
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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