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  • Mengenal Tes Mantoux Sebagai Deteksi Awal Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TBC)

Mengenal Tes Mantoux Sebagai Deteksi Awal Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TBC)

Mengenal Tes Mantoux Sebagai Deteksi Awal Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TBC)
Pemeriksaan mantoux berperan penting dalam diagnosis tuberkulosis pada anak-anak. Credits: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Tuberkulosis atau TB adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yang banyak menyerang organ paru. Infeksi ini juga dapat menyerang bagian tubuh lain seperti kulit, usus, ginjal, tulang belakang dan otak. TB terutama ditularkan antar individu melalui droplet yang dilepaskan ke udara, baik saat berbicara, bersin, meludah, tertawa atau bernyanyi.

Ketika Anda melakukan kontak erat dengan orang yang terinfeksi TB, tentu saja risiko terinfeksi TB juga akan meningkat. Tes paling umum yang dilakukan untuk mendeteksi TB adalah tes tuberkulin atau dikenal juga dengan istilah tes Mantoux.

 

Apa Itu Tes Mantoux?

Tes Mantoux atau tes tuberkulin adalah salah satu pemeriksaan untuk mengetahui apakah ada kuman penyebab TB di dalam tubuh. Tes ini menentukan apakah seseorang sudah mengembangkan respon kekebalan terhadap bakteri penyebab TB yang memasuki tubuh. Respon imun tersebut bisa muncul bila mereka saat ini sedang terinfeksi TB, sudah pernah terpapar TB di masa lalu, atau menerima vaksin BCG.

Tes ini dilakukan dengan memasukkan sejumlah cairan yang berisi tuberculin unit pada lengan bawah. Setelah 2-3 hari kemudian Anda akan diminta kembali ke dokter. Dokter akan mengamati apakah ada reaksi pembengkakan pada bekas suntikan atau tidak. Apabila ada reaksi yang signifikan (≥5-15 mm tergantung individunya), maka hasil tes menunjukkan positif. Apabila Anda tidak kembali setelah 2-3 hari, dokter akan menjadwalkan ulang tes Mantoux.

Tes mantoux ini mungkin tidak sempurna, karena terkadang tes menunjukkan hasil positif atau negatif palsu. Umumnya dalam mendiagnosis TB, hasil tes akan dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan lain dan gejala yang muncul.

Baca Juga: Seperti Inilah Gejala TB pada Bayi dan Anak yang Perlu Diwaspadai

 

Penyebab Hasil Positif Palsu

Hasil positif palsu tes Mantoux dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya:

  • Baru saja mendapatkan vaksinasi BCG
  • Adanya infeksi mikobakteri nontuberkulosis selain Mycobacterium tuberculosis di dalam tubuh
  • Pengukuran atau interpretasi reaksi yang salah
  • Antigen yang digunakan salah

 

Penyebab Hasil Negatif Palsu

Selain hasil positif palsu, hasil negatif palsu juga bisa terjadi, yang dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor di antaranya:

  • Anergi - berkurang atau hilangnya reaksi tubuh terhadap antigen atau alergen tertentu
  • Adanya riwayat infeksi TB baru dalam 8-10 minggu terakhir
  • Usia yang sangat muda (kurang dari 6 bulan)
  • Baru saja mendapatkan vaksin campak atau cacar dengan virus hidup yang dilemahkan
  • Metode pemeriksaan tidak tepat
  • Pengukuran atau interpretasi reaksi yang salah

Tes Mantoux seringkali diberikan pada anak-anak berusia 2-5 tahun. Untuk meminimalisir hasil tes palsu, dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan tes darah untuk mendeteksi infeksi TB terutama pada anak usia 5 tahun ke atas yang telah menerima vaksin BCG.

Baca Juga: Perbedaan Antara TB Laten dan TB Aktif, Mana yang Bisa Menular?

 

Bagaimana Bila Hasil Tes Positif?

Dokter selanjutnya akan memberikan informasi mengenai kondisi Anda, serta pemeriksaan yang mungkin saja perlu dilakukan selanjutnya. Bila didiagnosis positif TB, bisa mendapatkan pengobatan secara gratis dari pemerintah. Kepatuhan dalam menjalani pengobatan secara teratur selama enam bulan dan rutin meminum obat adalah kunci keberhasilan penyembuhan TB.

Konsultasikan dengan dokter melalui aplikasi Ai Care apabila Anda memiliki kontak erat dengan orang yang menderita TB atau mengalami batuk terus-menerus selama lebih dari satu bulan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 Juni 2024 | 04:24

Mayo Clinic (2021). Tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256 

CDC (2020). Tuberculin Skin Testing. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm 

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Tuberculosis Skin Test (PPD Skin Test). Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis_skin_test_ppd_skin_test/article.htm 

Mary Jo DiLonardo (2021). TB (Tuberculosis) Tests. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/lung/tests-tuberculosis 

Tim Promkes RSST-RSUP, Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro Klaten (2022). TBC. Available from: https://yankes.kemkes.go.id/view_artikel/1375/tbc 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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