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Tes Ini Dilakukan Untuk Mendiagnosis Sindrom Down (Down Syndrome) Saat Hamil

Tes Ini Dilakukan Untuk Mendiagnosis Sindrom Down (Down Syndrome) Saat Hamil

Bagikan :


Sindrom Down (Down syndrome) adalah kondisi kromosom yang berhubungan dengan disabilitas intelektual, penampilan wajah yang khas, dan tonus otot yang lemah pada masa bayi. Mereka yang mengalami sindrom ini, mengalami keterlambatan kognitif dan disabilitas intelektual dari ringan hingga sedang.

 

Ciri-Ciri Sindrom Down

Karakter yang paling mudah diamati adalah penampilan wajah yang hampir sama antara pengidap sindrom Down yang satu dengan yang lain. Di mana mereka memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama, meliputi:

  • Wajah yang tampak rata
  • Sudut luar mata mengarah ke atas (upslanting palpebral fissures)
  • Telinga kecil
  • Leher pendek
  • Lidah yang cenderung menjulur keluar

Mereka yang mengidap sindrom Down juga cenderung memiliki berbagai cacat lahir, misalnya memiliki tangan dan kaki kecil, satu lipatan di telapak tangan, memiliki kelainan jantung, atau memiliki kelainan pencernaan.

Selain itu, pengidap sindrom Down juga berisiko mengalami kondisi medis seperti refluks gastroesofageal, penyakit celiac (intoleransi gluten), hipotiroidisme, gangguan pendengaran, gangguan penglihatan, dan leukemia.

 

Mendeteksi Sindrom Down sejak dini

Tidak ada faktor lingkungan seperti racun atau zat karsinogen yang dapat menyebabkan sindrom Down. Satu-satunya faktor risiko non genetik yang diketahui adalah ketika hamil di atas usia 35 tahun. Namun, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists tetap merekomendasikan tes skrining dan tes diagnostik untuk sindrom Down kepada semua wanita hamil tanpa memandang usia.

 

Skrining

Dilansir Medlineplus, ada dua tahapan tes skrining selama kehamilan yang dilakukan pada trimester pertama dan trimester kedua.

Skrining trimester pertama

Skrining pada trimester pertama dilakukan pada usia kehamilan antara 10-14 minggu, yang meliputi:

  • Tes darah untuk memeriksa kadar protein tertentu dalam darah ibu. Apabila kadarnya tidak normal, berarti risiko bayi mengalami sindrom Down cukup tinggi
  • Tes USG fetomaternal untuk melihat dan mengukur area tertentu di bagian belakang leher bayi yang belum lahir. Ketika ada kelainan, maka akan ditemukan lebih banyak cairan yang terkumpul di jaringan leher tersebut.

 

Skrining trimester kedua

Skrining pada trimester kedua dilakukan dua kali, yakni pada usia kehamilan antara 16-18 minggu dan usia kehamilan 15-20 minggu, yang meliputi:

  • Tes darah untuk mencari zat tertentu di dalam darah ibu yang merupakan tanda sindrom Down
  • Tes tiga layar untuk mencari tiga zat yang berbeda
  • Tes empat layar untuk mencari empat zat yang berbeda

 

Pemeriksaan Diagnostik

Apabila hasil tes skrining menunjukkan adanya tanda-tanda sindrom Down, atau risiko tinggi sindrom Down, maka Anda akan diminta untuk menjalani tes diagnostik, yang meliputi:

  1. Tes sampel cairan ketuban - pada usia kehamilan 15 minggu, trimester kedua, dokter akan mengambil sampel cairan ketuban yang mengelilingi janin dengan menggunakan jarum yang dimasukkan ke dalam rahim. Sampel ini kemudian digunakan untuk menganalisis kromosom janin.
  2. Tes sampel vili korionik (CVS) - pada tes ini, dokter akan mengambil sample sel dari plasenta yang digunakan untuk menganalisis kromosom janin. Tes ini biasanya dilakukan pada trimester pertama antara usia kehamilan 10-13 minggu.
  3. Tes sampel darah pusar perkutan (PUBS) - tes ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel darah dari tali pusat. PUBS memberikan diagnosis sindrom Down yang dinilai paling akurat, yang biasanya dilakukan pada usia kehamilan 18-22 minggu.

Membesarkan anak dengan sindrom Down membawa tantangan tersendiri bagi setiap orang tua, namun intervensi dini pada bayi dan anak-anak dengan sindrom Down dapat membuat perbedaan besar dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka. Konsultasikan dengan dokter apabila ada anggota keluarga dengan riwayat sindrom Down dan Anda sedang merencanakan kehamilan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 20:59

Mayo Clinic (2018). Down syndrome. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355983

Medline Plus (2020). Down syndrome. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/down-syndrome/

Better Health Channel. Down syndrome. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/down-syndrome#diagnosis-of-down-syndrome

Vincent Iannelli, MD (2021). Causes of Down Syndrome. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-causes-of-down-syndrome-2633265

Medline Plus (2021). Down Syndrome Tests. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/down-syndrome-tests/

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1026 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 10005
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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