Faktor Risiko dan Penyebab Terbentuknya Batu Ginjal

Faktor Risiko dan Penyebab Terbentuknya Batu Ginjal
Ilustrasi kurangnya minum air putih bisa berperan dalam terbentuknya batu ginjal. Credits: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Batu ginjal terbentuk dari penumpukan endapan dari berbagai macam material yang berkembang di dalam ginjal. Ukuran batu ginjal ini beragam, mulai dari sebesar butiran kecil hingga dapat seukuran bola golf. Ketika ukuran batu menjadi semakin besar, umumnya gejala yang muncul seperti nyeri akan terasa lebih jelas. 

Batu ginjal lebih sering ditemukan pada orang dewasa dibandingkan anak-anak. Jarang berolahraga, kurang minum air, terlalu banyak memakan makanan asin atau manis, dan obesitas meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal di dalam tubuh.

 

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Terbentuknya Batu Ginjal

Tidak ada satu penyebab pasti dari terbentuknya batu ginjal di dalam tubuh. Ketika urine tidak mengandung cukup air dan lebih banyak mengandung senyawa pembentuk kristal seperti kalsium atau asam urat, maka dapat terbentuk batu ginjal. Kristal ini akan menarik elemen-elemen lain untuk bergabung bersama dan menjadi semakin besar kecuali kristal tersebut keluar dari tubuh melalui urine. Setelah terbentuk, batu bisa tinggal di ginjal atau terjebak di saluran kemih seperti ureter.

Ada banyak faktor risiko yang meningkatkan terbentuknya batu ginjal ini, di antaranya:

 

Riwayat keluarga atau penyakit batu ginjal sebelumnya

Adanya anggota keluarga yang memiliki riwayat batu ginjal, atau Anda pernah mengalami batu ginjal sebelumnya, dapat meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal di kemudian hari. Orang yang pernah memiliki batu ginjal berisiko untuk mengalami kembali batu ginjal di kemudian hari. Selain itu, pola makan, tingkat hidrasi, gaya hidup dan kondisi medis tertentu juga berperan dalam risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal.

 

Tidak meminum cukup air

Kurang minum air putih bisa meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal. Apabila tubuh tidak mendapatkan cairan yang cukup, urine menjadi lebih terkonsentrasi dan membuat zat serta mineral untuk menumpuk dan membentuk endapan batu di ginjal. Kekurangan cairan juga membuat urine menjadi lebih pekat akan mineral-mineral seperti kalsium, oksalat dan asam urat.

Untuk mencegah batu ginjal, Anda disarankan untuk rajin minum air sekitar 6-8 gelas per hari. Kebutuhan cairan ini bisa berbeda-beda pada setiap orang, tergantung usia, aktivitas dan kondisi kesehatan yang dimiliki. Tetap terhidrasi akan membantu Anda untuk buang air kecil lebih sering, yang bisa membantu mengeluarkan senyawa yang berperan dalam pembentukan batu ginjal.

Baca Juga: 4 Jenis Batu Ginjal Beserta Faktor Risikonya

 

Pola makan tidak sehat

Pola makan yang terlalu tinggi protein, gula dan garam juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal. Gemar minum minuman manis yang tinggi kadar fruktosa berperan dalam pembentukan batu ginjal. Gula dan minuman tinggi fruktosa harus dibatasi dan tidak dikonsumsi berlebihan.

Produk sisa dari sumber protein hewani (daging, ikan atau ayam) yaitu purin, dapat berperan dalam terbentuknya batu asam urat di ginjal. Para ahli merekomendasikan asupan protein sekitar 0,8 gram per kilogram berat badan, untuk orang dewasa dengan aktivitas fisik ringan hingga sedang. Sementara itu bagi mereka yang memiliki aktivitas fisik tinggi, membutuhkan asupan protein yang lebih tinggi sekitar 1,1-1,5 gram per kilogram berat badan.

Tingginya asupan garam atau natrium di dalam makanan, misalnya makanan olahan atau makanan cepat saji, dapat memengaruhi keseimbangan mineral dalam tubuh, termasuk kalsium. Terlalu banyak mengonsunsi makanan yang tinggi garam bisa turut meningkatkan jumlah kalsium yang harus disaring oleh ginjal. Kemungkinan kalsium untuk menjadi kristal di dalam urine dan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal meningkat. 

Baca Juga: Cara Mencegah Terbentuknya Batu Ginjal

 

Obesitas

Ada beberapa kondisi medis yang berisiko menyebabkan seseorang lebih mungkin mengalami batu ginjal. Hal ini karena kondisi medis tersebut bisa memengaruhi kadar senyawa yang berperan dalam pembentukan batu.

Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang dengan obesitas lebih berisiko tinggi mengembangkan batu ginjal. Obesitas memengaruhi metabolisme dan keseimbangan nutrisi, meningkatkan ekskresi oksalat, kalsium dan asam urat di dalam urine yang berkontribusi pada pembentukan batu ginjal. Lingkar pinggang yang besar pada orang dengan obesitas dikaitkan dengan penumpukan lemak di sekitar area perut yang juga meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal.

 

Selalu diskusikan dengan dokter bagaimana cara yang aman mengonsumsi obat dan suplemen agar tidak meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal. Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan terkait risiko batu ginjal dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Kamis, 21 Desember 2023 | 07:46

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Mayo Clinic (2022). Kidney stones. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755 

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Kidney Stones. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15604-kidney-stones 

National Kidney Foundation (2018). Can Dehydration Affect Your Kidneys?. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/newsletter/can-dehydration-affect-your-kidneys 

Harvard Medical School (2023). How much water should you drink?. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-much-water-should-you-drink 

Steven Brown (2022). Can What You Eat Give You Kidney Stones?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/kidney-stones/kidney-stones-food-causes 

Kristi Wempen, RDN (2022). Are you getting too much protein?. Available from: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/are-you-getting-too-much-protein 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8756 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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