4 Jenis Batu Ginjal Beserta Faktor Risikonya

4 Jenis Batu Ginjal Beserta Faktor Risikonya
Credit: Freepik. Ilustrasi nyeri pinggang, yaitu keluhan tersering pada batu ginjal.

Bagikan :


Batu ginjal atau yang disebut juga nefrolitiasis adalah benda padat yang terbentuk di ginjal dari zat dalam urine. Ukurannya mungkin hanya sebesar sebutir pasir atau mutiara dan kebanyakan dapat keluar dari tubuh tanpa bantuan medis. Namun, ada kalanya batu ini justru tersangkut di saluran kemih, menghalangi saluran kemih dan menyebabkan rasa sakit yang hebat.

Menurut para ilmuwan, batu ginjal adalah kondisi yang sangat umum yang bisa dialami oleh satu dari sepuluh orang, selama hidup mereka. Batu ginjal lebih jarang ditemukan pada anak-anak, dan lebih sering ditemukan pada orang dewasa (khususnya pria) di usia 30-40an tahun.

 

Faktor Risiko Batu Ginjal

Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko terbentuknya batu ginjal di dalam tubuh, di antaranya:

  • Tidak mendapatkan cukup cairan (minum terlalu sedikit)
  • Memiliki pola makan yang mengandung zat-zat pembentuk batu yang cukup tinggi, seperti fosfat, yang terkandung pada daging, ikan, kacang-kacangan, dan makanan kaya protein lainnya
  • Memiliki riwayat keluarga dengan kondisi batu ginjal
  • Mengalami penyumbatan di saluran kemih
  • Memiliki riwayat obesitas
  • Memiliki riwayat penyakit pencernaan dan pembedahan seperti operasi bypass lambung, penyakit radang usus atau diare kronis, yang kemudian mempengaruhi penyerapan kalsium dan air, dan meningkatkan jumlah zat pembentuk batu dalam urine
  • Mengonsumsi suplemen atau pengobatan tertentu seperti vitamin C, suplemen makanan, pencahar, antasida berbasis kalsium, obat-obatan tertentu yang digunakan untuk mengobati depresi dan migrain.

 

Jenis-Jenis Batu Ginjal

Walaupun memiliki ciri-ciri dan faktor risiko yang sama, namun batu ginjal memiliki jenis yang berbeda. Mengetahui jenis batu ginjal akan membantu menentukan apa penyebabnya, bagaimana mengurangi risiko dan bagaimana perawatan serta pengobatan yang harus dilakukan untuk menanganinya.

Ada empat jenis utama batu ginjal, di antaranya:

 

1. Batu kalsium

Sebagian besar batu ginjal adalah batu kalsium yang berupa kalsium oksalat. Oksalat adalah zat yang setiap hari diproduksi oleh hati, hasil penyerapan dari makanan yang dikonsumsi sehari-hari. Buah-buahan dan sayuran tertentu, serta kacang-kacangan dan cokelat, memiliki kandungan oksalat yang tinggi.

Mengonsumsi vitamin D, operasi bypass usus, dan beberapa gangguan metabolisme lain juga dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi kalsium atau oksalat dalam urine.

Batu kalsium juga dapat terbentuk akibat kondisi metabolik, yang terkait efek samping dari konsumsi obat-obatan tertentu seperti obat migrain atau obat anti kejang.

 

2. Batu Struvit

Batu Struvit disebabkan oleh adanya infeksi pada saluran kemih bagian atas. Setelah batu ginjal terbentuk, batu mungkin menetap di dalam ginjal atau berjalan ke saluran kemih ke ureter. Batu ini terkadang tidak bergerak sehingga menyebabkan rasa sakit yang signifikan, penyumbatan aliran urine, infeksi, atau masalah kesehatan lainnya.

Pada batu ginjal jenis ini, Anda mungkin akan mengalami sakit saat buang air kecil, buang air kecil di sertai darah, atau urine berwarna keruh dan berbau tak sedap.

 

3. Batu Asam Urat

Batu asam urat adalah jenis batu ginjal yang disebabkan terlalu banyak asam urat di dalam tubuh, sehingga membentuk batu-batu kecil yang menyebabkan rasa sakit saat buang air kecil dan adanya darah di dalam urine.

Apabila ukurannya kecil, batu asam urat dapat keluar dengan sendirinya. Namun bila ukurannya terlalu besar dan menyebabkan penyumbatan, maka diperlukan perawatan invasif atau non-invasif seperti PCNL dan lithotripsy. gelombang kejut.

 

4. Batu Sistin

Batu sistin (cystine), adalah jenis batu ginjal yang terbentuk dari penumpukan bahan kimia di dalam tubuh, yang sering diperoleh melalui perubahan pola makan dan dipengaruhi jumlah air yang diminum.

Penyakit batu ginjal yang satu ini dapat dialami oleh siapa saja, mulai anak-anak, remaja, dan orang dewasa mulai umur 20-30an.

Untuk mendiagnosis batu ginjal, dokter akan melakukan serangkaian tes seperti tes darah, tes urine, tes pencitraan seperti CT Scan. Bila dokter telah mengetahui penyebabnya, dokter mungkin hanya akan memberikan pereda nyeri dan beberapa obat untuk membantu menghancurkan batu dan mengeluarkannya lewat urine. Anda juga akan diminta memperbanyak minum air untuk mencegah terbentuknya batu ginjal kembali.

Namun adakalanya, bila batu ginjal menyebabkan penyumbatan, berukuran besar, atau sulit dikeluarkan hanya dengan bantuan obat, maka dokter mungkin melakukan prosedur gelombang kejut untuk menghancurkan batu maupun pembedahan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 05:49

Mayo Clinic (2020). Kidney stones. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759

Medline Plus (2022). Kidney Stones. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/kidneystones.html

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Kidney Stones. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15604-kidney-stones

National Kidney Foundation. Struvite Stones. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/struvite-stone

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Uric Acid Stones. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16378-uric-acid-stones

Cleveland Clinic (2019). Cystine Stones. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17794-cystine-stones

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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.3msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3354 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 512 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new830μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 4 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        • 0: 8673
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.53msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10066 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 10066
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 9856
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 9834
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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