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  • Mengenal Bronkopneumonia, Infeksi Paru pada Saluran Pernapasan

Mengenal Bronkopneumonia, Infeksi Paru pada Saluran Pernapasan

Mengenal Bronkopneumonia, Infeksi Paru pada Saluran Pernapasan
Credit: Freepik

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Anda mungkin sering mendengar istilah paru-paru basah atau pneumonia, yaitu infeksi pada jaringan paru yang menyebabkan kantung udara di paru (alveoli) meradang dan dapat terisi cairan atau nanah. Jika peradangan terjadi pada alveoli dan bronkus (jalan napas yang menghubungkan trakea dengan paru), kondisi ini dikenal dengan istilah bronkopneumonia. Orang yang mengalami bronkopneumonia umumnya mengalami susah napas, sesak, dan batuk parah.

 

Apa Itu Bronkopneumonia?

Bronkopneumonia adalah jenis pneumonia atau infeksi paru yang terjadi pada alveoli dan bronkus. Kondisi ini paling sering disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri, walaupun juga dapat disebabkan oleh virus atau jamur. Gejala bronkopneumonia dapat bervariasi pada seseorang dari ringan hingga berat.

Pada bronkopneumonia, sebagai respon kekebalan tubuh terhadap infeksi yang terjadi, banyak sel-sel peradangan yang akan masuk ke kantung udara serta bronkus. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan peradangan, mengganggu fungsi normal paru dan menimbulkan berbagai gejala.

Baca Juga: Perlu Tahu, Ini Bahaya Komplikasi Bronkitis

 

Gejala Bronkopneumonia

Gejala bronkopneumonia tidak jauh berbeda seperti jenis pneumonia lainnya. Penyakit ini biasanya diawali dengan gejala mirip flu yang dapat memburuk dalam beberapa hari. Beberapa gejala bronkopneumonia yang dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Demam
  • Batuk berdahak
  • Sesak napas atau napas tersengal
  • Nyeri dada
  • Berkeringat dan menggigil
  • Sakit kepala
  • Nyeri otot
  • Badan mudah lelah
  • Kehilangan nafsu makan

Gejala pada dewasa, lansia dan bayi dapat berbeda-beda. Pada orang tua atau lansia, gejala bronkopneumonia juga dapat muncul dengan kebingungan atau delirium.

Sedangkan pada bayi atau anak-anak gejala yang dapat timbul antara lain: 

  • Detak jantung yang cepat
  • Kadar oksigen yang rendah dalam darah
  • Rewel atau iritabel
  • Terlihat usaha anak untuk bernapas dari gerakan dadanya
  • Penurunan nafsu makan, minum atau menyusu
  • Demam
  • Sulit tidur

Jika Anda atau orang di sekitar Anda menunjukkan gejala pneumonia sebaiknya segera periksakan diri ke dokter. 

Baca Juga: Apa Sih Bedanya Bronkitis Akut dan Bronkitis Kronis?

 

Bagaimana Penularan Bronkopneumonia?

Sebagian besar kasus bronkopneumonia disebabkan oleh bakteri. Beberapa bakteri penyebab bronkopneumonia di antaranya:

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Escherichia coli
  • Spesies bakteri proteus, dll.

Penularan bakteri penyebab pneumonia dapat terjadi melalui percikan air liur. Jika orang yang terinfeksi bakteri ini bersin, batuk atau bicara dan percikan air liur yang mengandung bakteri terhirup oleh orang lain dan memasuki saluran napas bawahnya, maka kondisi ini dapat menyebabkan seseorang mengalami infeksi paru. 

Selain melalui penularan di atas, ada beberapa faktor risiko dimana seseorang rentan mengalami bronkopneumonia, di antaranya:

  • Faktor usia: Usia lansia dan balita termasuk kelompok rentan mengalami infeksi paru
  • Lingkungan: Orang yang bekerja di rumah sakit memiliki risiko mengalami bronkopneumonia
  • Gaya hidup: Tinggal di area yang polusi tinggi, memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan kecanduan alkohol dapat meningkatkan risiko terkena bronkopneumonia
  • Riwayat kesehatan: Memiliki kondisi medis seperti asma, diabetes, penyakit autoimun, kanker, batuk kronis dan sedang dalam pengobatan kemoterapi termasuk kelompok rentan terkena bronkopneumonia.

 

Pengobatan Bronkopneumonia

Pengobatan bronkopneumonia dilakukan dengan memberikan obat-obatan untuk mengatasi infeksinya. Bila pneumonia disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri, dokter akan memberi antibiotik. Saat minum obat antibiotik pasien harus disiplin minum obat agar bakteri penyebab bronkopneumonia tidak kebal dan tubuh tidak mengalami resistensi antibiotik. Jika bronkopneumonia disebabkan oleh virus maka dokter bisa meresepkan obat-obatan antivirus atau merekomendasikan untuk istirahat di rumah jika gejalanya ringan.

Namun jika gejala bronkopneumonia yang dialami cukup parah seperti tekanan darah rendah, sesak napas, dan pasien mengalami kebingungan terutama pada lansia, maka dokter akan menyarankan untuk rawat inap. Terapi seperti pemberian oksigen bisa diberikan.

 

Bronkopneumonia adalah peradangan paru yang menyerang bronkus dan alveolus. Jika Anda mengalami gejala penyakit tersebut sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter. Anda juga dapat menggunakan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care untuk bertanya seputar kondisi kesehatan Anda.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 19 Juni 2023 | 04:23

Martel. J. (2019). Bronchopneumonia: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/bronchopneumonia#symptoms

Cleveland Clinic. Pneumonia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

WebMD Editorial Contributors. Pneumonia. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pneumonia-basics

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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