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Mengenal Infeksi Oportunistik yang Sering Dialami Pengidap HIV

Mengenal Infeksi Oportunistik yang Sering Dialami Pengidap HIV
Credit: Freepik

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Virus HIV (Human Immunodefficiency Virus) adalah virus yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh dengan menginfeksi sel CD4, salah satu sel yang berperan dalam kekebalan tubuh. Apabila virus ini tidak ditangani dengan tepat, HIV dapat berkembang menjadi AIDS. Ketika mencapai tahap AIDS, tubuh Anda akan rentan mengalami berbagai infeksi yang dikenal sebagai infeksi oportunistik.

 

Apa Itu Infeksi Oportunistik?

HIV adalah jenis virus yang menyerang dan berikatan dengan sel CD4. Sel CD4 atau sel T adalah jenis sel darah putih yang bertugas melawan infeksi dari bakteri, virus, jamur dan lain-lain. 

Normalnya, manusia dapat menghasilkan jutaan sel T untuk menjaga sistem kekebalan tubuh. Namun ketika seseorang terinfeksi HIV, virus HIV akan merusak sel T dan terus berkembang biak. Hal ini membuat sel T yang berfungsi untuk menjaga kekebalan tubuh menjadi sedikit, sehingga daya tubuh pengidap HIV semakin lemah.

Jika tidak mendapat pengobatan yang tepat, pengidap HIV akan mengalami berbagai risiko komplikasi infeksi yang dikenal dengan infeksi oprtunistik. Disebut infeksi oportunistik karena infeksi yang seharusnya bisa dihalau oleh tubuh, bisa menyerang ketika daya tahan tubuh sedang lemah.

Baca Juga: 5 Mitos Seputar HIV/AIDS dan Fakta Dibaliknya

Jenis Infeksi Oportunistik yang Mudah Menyerang Pasien HIV

Pada pengidap HIV, sistem kekebalan tubuh akan melemah sehingga seseorang mudah terserang infeksi. Gejala infeksi yang mereka alami juga bisa menjadi lebih berat karena kekebalan tubuh mereka yang menurun. Dilansir dari Healthline, ada beberapa jenis infeksi oportunistik yang rentan dialami pasien HIV, di antaranya:

 

Kandidiasis

Kandidiasis adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh jamur Candida. Infeksi ini sering ditemukan di mulut, kulit atau vagina. Infeksi ini dapat dialami siapa saja, namun infeksi ini baru dianggap sebagai infeksi oportunistik jika gejala kandidiasis pada mulut atau vagina lumayan berat atau berlangsung lama. Infeksi kandidiasis juga dianggap terkait HIV/AIDS bila ditemukan pada area kerongkongan, dan bagian saluran napas seperti trakea, bronkus atau paru-paru.

 

Kriptosporidiosis

Kriptosporidiosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi parasit Crypstosporidium parvum. Pada pasien HIV, penyakit ini ditandai dengan diare parah yang dapat menyebar melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi parasit kripstosporidium. 

 

Tuberkulosis (TB)

Pengidap HIV yang mengalami infeksi tuberkulosis hendaknya mendapat perawatan yang serius. Penyakit ini merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama dari pasien HIV. Penyakit TB disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis yag menyebar lewat droplet di udara.

Pengidap HIV yang terkena TB perlu minum obat yang dikonsumsi selama 6-9 bulan. Dengan perawatan yang tepat, TB dapat dikendalikan dan riisko kematian pada pengidap HIV bisa diminamilisir. Namun jika tidak diobati, TB dapat menyebabkan kematian pada pasien HIV.

Baca Juga: Metode Persalinan yang Aman bagi Ibu Hamil Penyandang HIV

 

Herpes Simplex

Virus herpes simpleks (HSV) adalah virus penyebab penyakit yang ditandai dengan lepuhan atau kutil pada kelamin. Pada sebagian besar orang yang sehat, walaupun mereka sudah terinfeksi, biasanya virus ini tidak aktif di tubuh. Namun pada pengidap HIV, mereka memiliki risiko lebih tinggi terkena virus herpes simpleks dengan gejala yang lebih parah.

Ibu hamil yang positif HIV dan turut terinfeksi herpes perlu mendapatkan perawatan khusus, karena janin berisiko tertular infeksi herpes.

 

Toksoplasmosis

Toksoplasmosis disebabkan oleh parasit Toxoplasma gondii. Pada pengidap HIV, parasit toksoplasma dapat dengan mudah berkembang menginfeksi mata dan paru-paru. Infeksi parasit ini juga berbahaya bagi jantung, hati dan otak.

 

Bagi pengidap HIV, infeksi oportunistik dapat dicegah dengan rutin mengonsumsi obat-obatan HIV (terapi antiretroviral), melakukan vaksinasi dan menjalani pengobatan preventif yang dianjurkan dokter. Selain itu, infeksi oportunistik juga dapat dicegah dengan berhubungan seksual yang aman, mengonsumsi makanan yang dimasak dengan matang dan menerapkan gaya hidup bersih dan sehat.

Meski beberapa infeksi oportunistik berisiko menyebabkan kematian, namun dengan pengobatan yang tepat infeksi ini tetap dapat dikendalikan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 09:50

Morris, S. (2020). Opportunistic Infections in HIV. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/opportunistic-infections

CDC. AIDS and Opportunistic Infections. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/opportunisticinfections.html

HIV.GOV. (2022). Opportunistic Infections. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/staying-in-hiv-care/other-related-health-issues/opportunistic-infections

Ryding, S. What are T Cells?. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-T-Cells.aspx

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      Bindings
      • 0: 7687
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10046 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.25msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6036 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6036
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.37msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8297 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8297
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5398 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5398
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.46msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4608 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4608
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.9msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3230 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.34msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8520 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8520
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.11msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9098 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9098
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.17msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9096 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9096
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\User
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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