Metode Persalinan yang Aman bagi Ibu Hamil Penyandang HIV

Metode Persalinan yang Aman bagi Ibu Hamil Penyandang HIV

Bagikan :


Kehamilan adalah hal yang paling ditunggu oleh para orang tua. Namun jika ibu hamil dengan status positif HIV, maka proses kehamilan, melahirkan dan menyusui bisa menjadi salah satu cara penularan virus dari ibu ke janin.

Mengenal HIV pada ibu hamil

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) adalah infeksi virus yang menyebabkan penyakit AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) . Virus ini dapat menular melalui cairan tubuh seperti darah, cairan vagina, cairan anus, air mani dan ASI. Cara penularan HIV paling umum di antaranya melalui hubungan seksual tanpa kondom, penggunaan jarum suntik secara bergantian dan proses kehamilan, melahirkan dan menyusui.

Menurut data Kemenkes, perempuan dan ibu rumah tangga merupakan kelompok yang paling tinggi berisiko tertular HIV. Demikian juga dengan persentase ibu hamil yang terinfeksi HIV terus mengalami peningkatan. Situasi ini juga mendorong peningkatan angka jumlah bayi dengan HIV yang terus meningkat.

Persalinan yang aman bagi ibu hamil positif HIV

Persalinan melalui vagina

Bumil yang mengidap HIV dapat menularkan virus pada bayi pada masa kehamilan, persalinan dan menyusui. Pada kehamilan, virus dapat menular melalui pertukaran makanan dari plasenta. Sedangkan pada proses persalinan vagina, bayi dapat tertular HIV melalui pecahnya cairan ketuban, cairan vagina dan darah ketika bayi melewati saluran rahim. Oleh karena itu, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists tidak menganjurkan ibu hamil positif HIV untuk melahirkan dengan persalinan pervaginam.

Meskipun demikian, bukan berarti ibu hamil positif HIV tidak bisa melahirkan dengan persalinan normal. Ibu hamil yang mengidap HIV tetap dapat melahirkan dengan normal asalkan memenuhi beberapa kondisi berikut:

- Ibu hamil sudah mengonsumsi obat antivirus (ART) sejak usia kehamilan minimal 14 minggu atau kurang

- Ibu hamil memiliki jumlah viral load HIV kurang dari 10.000 kopi/ml sebelum melahirkan

- Tingkat RNA HIV ibu hamil harus terus dipantau selama kehamilan, termasuk 2-4 minggu setelah memulai penggunaan ART hingga tingkat RNA tidak terdeteksi dan diulang setiap 3 bulan selama kehamilan

- Pada ibu hamil yang memiliki viral load HIV tinggi tetap bisa melahirkan secara normal dengan pemberian obat melalui infus hingga mencapai level adekuat untuk persalinan

- Bayi yang baru lahir segera diberi obat anti HIV untuk menurunkan risiko transmisi vertikal dari ibu ke anak

Persalinan dengan operasi caesar

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists menganjurkan ibu hamil penyandang HIV untuk melahirkan dengan metode operasi caesar. Metode ini dianggap lebih minim risiko penularan HIV dari ibu ke bayi terutama jika bumil memiliki viral load yang tinggi.

Operasi caesar dianjurkan dilakukan sebelum ketuban pecah dan sebelum usia kehamilan memasuki usia 39 minggu. Umumnya ibu hamil yang mengidap HIV disarankan melakukan operasi pada usia kehamilan 38 minggu dengan pemberian antibiotik pada sebelum dan sesudah persalinan untuk mencegah infeksi.

 

Perencanaan persalinan pada ibu penyandang HIV perlu disiapkan dengan matang karena berpotensi menularkan HIV dari ibu ke anak. Rencana persalinan juga dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kondisi ibu dan janin. Oleh karena itu ibu hamil disarankan rutin berkonsultasi, menjalankan pemeriksaan kehamilan secara rutin dan mengonsumsi obat antivirus sesuai anjuran dokter.

Infeksi HIV hingga kini belum ditemukan obatnya, namun dengan penanganan yang tepat diharapkan dapat menekan angka penularan termasuk dari ibu hamil ke bayi.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 07:44

ACOG. HIV and Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/hiv-and-pregnancy#.

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Pedoman Manajemen Program Pencegahan Penularan HIV dan Sifilis Dari Ibu ke Anak. 

ACOG. Labour and Delivery Management of Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/09/labor-and-delivery-management-of-women-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        #12025-04-17 04:41:58GET/ibu-dan-anak/persalinan-ibu-hamil-positif-hiv11132363