Cara Mencegah Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA)

Cara Mencegah Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA)
Ilustrasi wanita yang memakai masker. Credits: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Saat ini, kita sering berinteraksi dengan banyak orang dan hal ini memang tidak bisa dihindari. Anda juga bisa sering berada di keramaian yang membuat Anda rentan terpapar kuman penyakit. Faktor seperti paparan polusi udara dalam jangka panjang juga berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan kasus ISPA (Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut). Terdapat banyak zat berbahaya seperti debu, zat kimia beracun, gas beracun di polusi udara yang dapat masuk ke saluran pernapasan dan menyebabkan berbagai masalah kesehatan termasuk ISPA.

Banyak kasus ISPA yang bisa membuat produktivitas menurun dan menyebabkan kesulitan dalam beraktivitas. Pencegahan adalah cara terbaik untuk menghindari infeksi pernapasan berbahaya.

 

Kenali Gejala bila Terkena ISPA

Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut biasanya memengaruhi sistem pernapasan bagian atas, yang mencakup hidung, rongga hidung, mulut, tenggorokan dan pita suara. Ada kelompok orang yang berisiko mengalami komplikasi dari infeksi saluran napas, seperti anak-anak, orang lanjut usia dan pasien gangguan kekebalan tubuh.

Adapun gejala yang menyertai bila terkena ISPA di antaranya:

  • Hidung tersumbat
  • Mata kemerahan
  • Pembengkakan di kelenjar getah bening
  • Suara serak
  • Demam
  • Pilek
  • Batuk-batuk
  • Sakit tenggorokan
  • Pegal-pegal
  • Kelelahan

Baca Juga: Tiga Posisi Tubuh Membersihkan Lendir dari Paru-Paru

 

Cara Mencegah Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Atas

ISPA adalah penyakit yang sangat menular. Penularannya terjadi melalui droplet atau percikan air liur yang bisa dikeluarkan saat orang yang sakit sedang batuk, berbicara, tertawa atau bersin. Droplet ini mengandung kuman penyebab penyakit yang bisa menyebabkan orang lain juga sakit bila tertular dan kekebalan tubuhnya sedang menurun.

Selain itu, ISPA bisa menular melalui kontak dekat seperti berjabat tangan atau berbicara dalam jarak yang sangat dekat dengan orang yang sedang sakit. Untuk mencegah penyebaran ISPA, berikut adalah langkah-langkah penting yang perlu dilakukan:

Menerapkan etika bersin dan batuk

Saat bersin dan batuk, tutupi mulut dan hidung dengan menggunakan siku bagian dalam yang dapat menghalangi droplet untuk menyebar keluar. Anda juga bisa menggunakan tisu bersih sekali pakai kemudian segera buang tisu tersebut setelah digunakan. Hindari menutup mulut dengan tangan karena kuman bisa menempel di tangan dan menyebar melalui permukaan benda yang Anda sentuh.

Setelah bersin atau batuk segera cuci tangan dengan air bersih dan sabun atau bersihkan tangan menggunakan hand sanitizer yang memiliki kandungan alkohol minimal 60%. Mempraktikkan etika batuk dan bersin yang benar adalah cara sederhana dan efektif untuk mengurangi penyebaran kuman penyebab ISPA.

Meminimalkan kontak dekat

Sebaiknya bila sedang mengalami gejala infeksi pernapasan seperti batuk yang dapat menularkan penyakitnya pada orang lain, minimalisir kontak dekat dengan orang lain. Bila ada anggota keluarga yang sakit, mereka bisa berada disediakan ruangan atau kamar sendiri selama sedang sakit untuk beristirahat dan mencegah penularan. Mereka juga bisa memakai masker selama sakit agar orang-orang tidak terpapar droplet yang keluar saat berbicara, tertawa, batuk atau bersin.

Menghindari berbagi barang pribadi

Hindari berbagi barang pribadi seperti peralatan makan, minum, sikat gigi, handuk dan barang-barang lainnya. Kuman dapat menyebar melalui kontak dengan benda-benda tersebut.

Saat Anda sakit, selalu jaga kebersihan barang-barang pribadi Anda dengan mengganti, membersihkan dan mencuci sesuai kebutuhan.

Baca Juga: Kenali Gejala Bronkitis Kronis Akibat Polusi Udara

Mencuci tangan dengan benar

Mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air dengan benar sangat penting untuk mencegah tertular penyakit ISPA. Cuci tangan secara teratur terutama pada momen berikut seperti:

  • Setelah menggunakan toilet
  • Sebelum makan atau menyiapkan makanan
  • Setelah bersentuhan dengan benda atau permukaan yang mungkin terkontaminasi
  • Setelah bersentuhan dengan orang atau hewan peliharaan
  • Setelah batuk atau bersin
  • Setelah mengganti popok atau membantu anak ke toilet
  • Setelah menyentuh limbah atau sampah

Mencuci tangan dengan benar setidaknya membutuhkan waktu 20 detik sehingga kuman bisa benar-benar hilang. Gunakan sabun dan air mengalir serta gosok semua permukaan tangan termasuk sela-sela jari, punggung tangan, dan di bawah kuku. Setelahnya, pastikan untuk mengeringkan tangan menggunakan handuk atau kertas tisu.

Walaupun ISPA terkadang bisa sembuh dengan sendirinya dalam 1-2 minggu, Anda tetap perlu memeriksakan diri ke dokter bila mengalami demam dengan suhu 39 derajat atau lebih, merasa kesulitan bernapas, batuk parah, terdengar mengi saat bernapas, atau kehilangan kesadaran. Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan online dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 22 September 2023 | 05:19

CDC (2019). How to Prevent the Spread of Respiratory Illnesses in Disaster Evacuation Centers. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/respiratoryic.html 

Healthline (2019). Acute Respiratory Infection. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-respiratory-disease 

Eric A. F. Simoes, et all. Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Chapter 25. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11786/ 

WHO (2019). Health consequences of air pollution on populations. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/15-11-2019-what-are-health-consequences-of-air-pollution-on-populations 

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Upper Respiratory Infection. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4022-upper-respiratory-infection 

NSW Government. Cough etiquette. Available from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pandemic/Publications/cough-etiquette.pdf 

CDC (2022). Keeping Hands Clean. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/personal-hygiene/hands.html 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.71msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4444 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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