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Apa Saja Perbedaan Penyakit TB pada Dewasa dan Anak-Anak?

Apa Saja Perbedaan Penyakit TB pada Dewasa dan Anak-Anak?

Bagikan :


Berdasarkan data Kementerian Kesehatan, Indonesia termasuk dalam delapan negara yang menyumbang 2/3 kasus tuberkulosis (TB) di seluruh dunia. Menurut WHO, sekitar 550 ribu anak terjangkit TBC setiap tahunnya. Gejala TBC pada anak tidak jauh berbeda dengan gejala TB pada orang dewasa. Bahkan pada anak cenderung lebih berbahaya karena gejalanya dapat muncul lebih cepat setelah tubuh anak terinfeksi.

 

Perbedaan TB pada Anak dan Orang Dewasa

TB umumnya dialami oleh orang dewasa, namun sebenarnya TBC bisa dialami baik anak-anak maupun dewasa. Keduanya butuh penanganan yang tepat karena pengobatan TBC memakan waktu cukup lama. Dilansir dari laman Healthy Children, beberapa perbedaan TB pada anak dan orang dewasa di antaranya:

1. Cara Penularan

Anak-anak yang terinfeksi TB umumnya tertular dari orang dewasa yang mengidap TB. Penularan TB dapat terjadi ketika seseorang menghirup bakteri penyebab TB di udara yang sama dengan penderita TB. Bakteri tersebut juga dapat menular saat penderita batuk, bersin, dan bicara.

Perlu diketahui bahwa untuk penyakit yang menjangkiti paru seperti TB, maka penularan hanya bisa ditularkan melalui lendir yang berada di paru-paru yang keluar dengan cara dibatukkan. Jika penderita TB menggunakan alat makan dan tidak batuk di sekitar alat makan maka bakteri tidak akan menyebar ke alat makan tersebut. Karenanya, Anda tidak perlu memisahkan alat makan dengan pasien TB asalkan memang pasien TB tidak batuk di sekitar peralatan makan tersebut.

2. Tahap Perkembangan TB

Tahap perkembangan TB pada anak dan dewasa sama-sama terbagi menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu:

  • Infeksi bakteri. Tahapan ini adalah tahap penularan dimana seseorang mengalami kontak dengan penderita lalu terinfeksi TB. Umumnya pada tahapan ini belum timbul gejala dan pemeriksaan masih menunjukkan hasil negatif.
  • TB laten. Pada tahapan ini, bakteri sudah masuk ke dalam tubuh namun belum aktif karena sistem kekebalan tubuh masih mampu melawan bakteri. DI tahapan ini hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan hasil positf namun orang tersebut tidak bisa menularkan TBC ke orang lain.
  • TB aktif. Pada tahapan ini bakteri TB telah aktif, menimbulkan gejala dan dapat menularkan ke orang lain.

Salah satu yang membedakan antara TB pada anak dan dewasa adalah pada anak umumnya TBC aktif beberapa minggu atau bulan setelah infeksi. Namun, pada orang dewasa bakteri TB bisa aktif setelah bertahun-tahun kemudian.

 

3. Gejala

Dilansir dari laman TB Indonesia, gejala TB pada anak tidak khas. Namun jika anak menunjukkan gejala seperti batuk, demam, penurunan berat badan serta badan tampak lesu dan tidak aktif, maka orang tua perlu segera memeriksakan ke dokter. Anak dengan gejala batuk berdahak maupun tidak tetap perlu menjalani pemeriksaan dahak untuk mengonfirmasi infeksi bakteri TB.

Gejala pada dewasa juga umumnya sama, namun pada dewasa umumnya disertai panas dingin, berkeringat di malam hari dan nyeri dada.

 

4. Diagnosis

Diagnosis penyakit TB bisa dilakukan dengan tes tuberkulin pada kulit (Tuberculin Skin Test) atau tes Mantoux. Tes ini dilakukan dengan cara menyuntikkan cairan tuberkulin pada kulit lengan bawah. Jika dalam waktu 48-72 jam muncul benjolan pada area suntikan maka orang tersebut positif TB. Setelah itu dokter akan menyarankan pemerikasan lanjutan berupa tes rontgen dada, pemeriksaan dahak dan tes darah.

Pada anak-anak, mendiagnosis TB lebih sulit dibanding tes TB pada dewasa karena gejala yang tidak khas dan tumpang tindih dengan gejala penyakit lainnya seperti pneumonia atau kurang gizi. Selain itu pada anak-anak, lebih susah untuk melakukan pemeriksaan dahak karena anak-anak susah untuk mengeluarkan dahak dibandingkan orang dewasa.

Itulah beberapa perbedaan antara TB pada dewasa dan anak-anak. Jika mendapati anggota keluarga Anda mengalami gejala TB maka segera periksakan untuk mendapatkan penanganan. 

 

Baca selengkapnya mengenai penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) di sini. Anda juga bisa temukan lebih banyak artikel mengenai penyakit pada laman ini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 10:48

CDC (2021). TB and Children. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinchildren/default.htm

Kids Health (2019). Tuberculosis. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/tuberculosis.html

Cleveland Clinic (2018). Tuberculosis (TB) in Children. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15801-tuberculosis-tb-in-children

Kemenkes RI (2021). Dashboard TB Indonesia. Available from: https://tbindonesia.or.id/pustaka-tbc/dashboard-tb/

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.79msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2537 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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