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Fakta dan Mitos Seputar Tuberkulosis (TBC) yang Perlu Diketahui

Fakta dan Mitos Seputar Tuberkulosis (TBC) yang Perlu Diketahui

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TBC atau tuberkulosis adalah salah satu penyakit endemik yang perlu mendapat perhatian serius di Indonesia. Sebelum virus Covid-19 mewabah, tuberkulosis merupakan penyakit infeksi yang menyebabkan kematian tertinggi di dunia melebihi tingkat kematian akibat HIV/AIDS.

Berdasarkan WHO Global TB Report di tahun 2021, Indonesia termasuk negara penyumbang kasus TBC tertinggi di dunia.

Meskipun kasus TBC di Indonesia mengalami penurunan, dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya, namun hal ini diduga bukan karena penyebaran tuberkulosis lebih terkendali melainkan karena berkurangnya pemeriksaan dan perawatan pasien TBC akibat pandemi Covid-19. Selain itu, minimnya informasi di masyarakat dan berkembangnya mitos seputar TBC juga menyebabkan masyarakat memiliki stigma negatif tentang penyakit ini.

 

Fakta dan mitos seputar penyakit TBC

Banyak anggapan yang keliru mengenai TBC sehingga membuat orang enggan untuk menjalani pengobatan. Padahal dengan penanganan yang tepat dan intensif, penyakit TBC dapat disembuhkan. Dilansir dari Medical News Today, berikut ini beberapa mitos tentang TBC yang masih banyak dipercaya masyarakat:

1. TBC mudah menular seperti flu

TB adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penyakit ini dapat menular melalui udara lewat percikan aerosol yang keluar dari mulut penderita TBC ketika bersin, bicara, menyanyi, atau tertawa. Ketika udara yang mengandung bakteri tersebut dihirup orang lain, maka bakteri TBC dapat menular.

Meskipun penularan TBC mirip dengan flu, namun faktanya penularan bakteri TBC tidak semudah yang Anda bayangkan. Bakteri TBC yang dihirup akan diam di paru-paru tanpa menyebabkan infeksi. Ketika daya tahan tubuh menurun, maka bakteri baru akan menginfeksi dan menunjukkan gejala.

Selain itu, mitos yang perlu diluruskan di masyarakat adalah bahwa bakteri TBC tidak dapat menular melalui aktivitas berikut:

  • Berpegangan tangan
  • Berbagi makanan dan minuman
  • Menggunakan sikat gigi dan toilet secara bergantian

2. TBC merupakan penyakit keturunan

Penyakit TBC lebih mudah menular ketika seseorang berada di satu ruangan yang sama dengan penderita TBC dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Karena itu, jika dalam satu keluarga terdapat orang yang mengalami TBC maka anggota keluarga yang lain juga berisiko tertular TBC. Namun hal ini bukan berarti TBC merupakan penyakit genetik.

3. TBC tidak bisa disembuhkan

Pengobatan TBC yang memakan waktu selama berbulan-bulan membuat banyak orang beranggapan bahwa TBC adalah penyakit yang tidak bisa disembuhkan. Faktanya, jika ditangani sejak dini dan pasien disiplin mengonsumsi obat, penyakit TBC merupakan penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan.

Dilansir dari CDC, dokter dapat memberikan obat TBC untuk durasi pengobatan 3-12 bulan tergantung dari jenis dan kondisi TBC yang dialami. Pengobatan membutuhkan waktu lama karena butuh waktu lama untuk melemahkan bakteri TBC. Pasien harus melanjutkan masa pengobatan hingga semua bakteri mati meskipun sudah tidak menunjukkan gejala.

4. TBC hanya terjadi negara berkembang

Sejak bakteri penyebab TBC pertama kali ditemukan tahun 1882, hingga kini penyakit ini masih menjadi perhatian WHO. Menurut data WHO, beberapa negara seperti India, Indonesia, Filipina dan beberapa negara berkembang lainnya masuk ke dalam negara dengan kasus TBC terbanyak di dunia namun hal ini bukan berarti TBC tidak menjadi perhatian di negara-negara maju.

Saat ini kawasan Eropa dan Amerika masing-masing menyumbang sekitar 2-3% dari total kasus TBC di dunia. Meskipun angka kasus di negara maju cukup rendah, namun CDC menegaskan bahwa TBC merupakan penyakit yang dapat dialami siapa pun, baik anak-anak maupun dewasa atau laki-laki dan perempuan. Oleh karena itu, kasus TBC masih perlu mendapat perhatian maksimal baik dari masyarakat dan pemerintah.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 22:56

Newman Tim. (2021). Medical Myths: All About Tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medical-myths-all-about-tuberculosis#

CDC. How TB Spreads. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm

Musuka, G., et al. (2018). Tuberculosis Knowledge, Misconceptions/Myths in Adults: Findings From Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Zambia Demographic Health Surveys (2013–2016). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6208015/

WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021

TB Indonesia. Situasi TBC di Indonesia. Available from: https://tbindonesia.or.id/pustaka-tbc/informasi/tentang-tbc/situasi-tbc-di-indonesia-2/

Kemenkes RI. Jadikan Penerus Bangsa Bebas TBC, dimulai dari Diri Sendiri dan Keluarga. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/21032500001/jadikan-penerus-bangsa-bebas-tbc-dimulai-dari-diri-sendiri-dan-keluarga.html#

 

 

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      Backtrace
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