5 Tahapan Perkembangan Penyakit Ginjal Kronis

5 Tahapan Perkembangan Penyakit Ginjal Kronis

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Memiliki penyakit ginjal berarti ada kerusakan pada ginjal yang menyebabkan ginjal tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Ginjal adalah organ yang memiliki tugas penting di dalam tubuh, seperti menyaring atau membersihkan darah, membuang racun dalam tubuh, dan menyaring kelebihan garam serta air sebagai urine.

Ginjal juga bertugas menyeimbangkan jumlah garam dan mineral di dalam tubuh, memproduksi hormon yang mengontrol tekanan darah, membuat sel darah merah serta menjaga tulang agar tetap kuat. Ketika ginjal disebut memiliki kerusakan, berarti ginjal tidak dapat menjalankan fungsinya seperti tidak dapat menyaring dan membuang racun, yang menyebabkan adanya penumpukan limbah pada darah.

Gejala penyakit ginjal kronis

Tanda dan gejala penyakit ginjal kronis tidak hanya berkembang dalam semalam. Gejala tersebut akan berkembang dari waktu ke waktu hingga ginjal kehilangan fungsinya. Ketika ginjal mulai tidak bisa menjalankan fungsinya, akan ada gejala-gejala yang menyertai, di antaranya:

  • Mual
  • Muntah
  • Kehilangan napsu makan
  • Kelelahan dan kelemahan
  • Buang air kecil berlebihann atau sedikit
  • Penurunan ketajaman mental
  • Kram otot
  • Pembengkakan kaki dan pergelangan kaki
  • Kulit kering dan gatal
  • Tekanan darah tinggi yang sulit dikendalikan
  • Sesak napas akibat penumpukan cairan di paru-paru
  • Gangguan tidur
  • Nyeri di dada akibat penumpukan cairan di sekitar lapisan jantung

Gejala di atas juga seringkali bisa disebabkan oleh penyakit lain, sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan dan serangkaian tes sampai muncul diagnosis bahwa Anda menderita penyakit ginjal.

Tahapan penyakit ginjal kronis

Penyakit ginjal, umumnya tidak hanya berkembang dalam semalam, dan untuk menjadi kronis maka membutuhkan waktu berbulan-bulan hingga bertahun-tahun. Pada perkembangannya, kerusakan ginjal memiliki tahapan-tahapan (stadium) yang menunjukkan seberapa besar kerusakan ginjal yang Anda alami.

Tahapan tersebut didasarkan pada seberapa baik ginjal dalam melakukan tugas menyaring limbah dan cairan ekstra dari darah, yang berkisar dari tahap 1 hingga 5. Untuk menilai fungsi ginjal, Anda akan menjalani tes yang menilai laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR). Angka ini dihasilkan dari jumlah kreatinin (limbah) yang ditemukan di dalam darah, berdasarkan dengan faktor lain termasuk usia, ras dan jenis kelamin.

Tahap 1 - Nilai GFR 90ml/menit atau lebih

Nilai ini menunjukkan ginjal Anda bekerja dengan baik.

Tahap 2 - Nilai GFR 60-89ml/menit

Nilai ini menunjukkan ginjal Anda bekerja dengan baik, namun terdapat tanda-tanda kerusakan ginjal ringan.

Tahap 3 - Nilai GFR 30-59ml/menit

Nilai ini menunjukkan ginjal Anda tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dan Anda mengalami penurunan fungsi ginjal. Ini adalah tahap umum di mana kerusakan ginjal dan gejala-gejalanya semakin berkembang dan terlihat lebih jelas.

Tahap 4 - Nilai GFR 15-29ml/menit

Nilai ini menunjukkan Anda memiliki fungsi ginjal yang buruk, ginjal Anda mengalami kerusakan sedang hingga parah.

Tahap 5 - Nilai GFR kurang dari 15

Nilai ini menunjukkan ginjal mendekati kondisi gagal ginjal. Anda membutuhkan hemodialisis (cuci darah) ataupun transplantasi ginjal.

Penyakit ginjal adalah jenis penyakit yang tidak bisa disembuhkan secara total. Ketika hasil tes menunjukan Anda berada di tahap 1-3, maka dokter akan merekomendasikan pengobatan untuk mengontrol gejala dan menurunkan risiko komplikasi, serta menghambat berkembangnya kerusakan pada ginjal. Pengobatan yang diberikan di antaranya adalah pengobatan tekanan darah tinggi, mengurangi pembengkakan, pengobatan anemia, mengontrol kadar kolesterol, perlindungan terhadap tulang, dan menyarankan diet untuk meminimalisir limbah agar ginjal tidak bekerja terlalu berat.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 22:08

Cleveland Clinic (2020). Kidney Disease / Chronic Kidney Disease. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease

Ann Pietrangelo (2021). Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease: Anemia and More. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease/complications-of-chronic-kidney-disease

Mayo Clinic (2021). Chronic kidney disease. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354527

National Kidney Foundation. How Your Kidneys Work. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/howkidneyswrk

 

Medline Plus (2021). Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Test. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/glomerular-filtration-rate-gfr-test/

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new1.19msselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 2 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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