Penyebab Umum Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anak

Penyebab Umum Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anak
Ilustrasi anak mengalami penyakit ginjal kronis. Credits: Freepik

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Penyakit ginjal kronis tidak hanya dialami orang dewasa, namun juga bisa dialami oleh anak-anak. Sama seperti pada orang dewasa, penyakit ginjal kronis pada anak-anak berarti terjadi penurunan fungsi ginjal secara bertahap dan dalam jangka waktu yang lama (kronis).

Di dalam tubuh, ginjal memiliki peran penting dalam menyaring limbah dan kelebihan cairan dari darah. Ginjal juga menjaga keseimbangan elektrolit dan memproduksi hormon yang mengatur tekanan darah serta produksi sel darah merah. Ketika ginjal tidak berfungsi dengan baik, berbagai masalah kesehatan dapat timbul.

 

Penyebab Umum Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anak

Ada banyak faktor yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit ginjal kronis pada anak-anak, di antaranya:

Masalah saluran kemih yang berkembang sebelum lahir

Masalah pada saluran kemih yang berkembang di rahim merupakan salah satu penyebab utama penyakit ginjal kronis pada anak-anak. Seperti displasia renal, di mana ginjal tidak berkembang dengan benar sehingga ginjal tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik, atau obstruksi saluran kemih di mana ada penyumbatan saluran kemih bawaan yang mengganggu aliran normal urine dari ginjal ke kandung kemih.

Masalah dengan glomerulus (alat penyaring di ginjal)

Dua kondisi utama seperti minimal change disease dan glomerulosklerosis segmental fokal dapat memengaruhi fungsi ginjal pada anak-anak. Minimal change disease menjadi penyebab paling umum sindrom nefrotik. Kondisi ini ditandai oleh kebocoran protein dalam jumlah besar ke dalam urine akibat kerusakan glomerulus.

Sedangkan glomerulosklerosis segmental fokal adalah kondisi yang lebih serius yang mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi ginjal secara bertahap. Di mana "fokal" berarti beberapa glomerulus terbentuk jaringan parut, dan yang lainnya tetap normal, "segmental" berarti sebagian glomerulus mengalami kerusakan.

Baca Juga: Benarkah Gemar Makan Ayam Goreng Krispi Menyebabkan Gagal Ginjal?

Jenis infeksi tertentu

Infeksi yang dialami oleh anak-anak sering dikaitkan dengan kerusakan ginjal. Terutama infeksi saluran kemih berulang, serta infeksi hepatitis B dan C.

Infeksi saluran kemih yang terjadi berulang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal jangka panjang terutama bila tidak diobati dengan benar. Anda perlu membawa anak ke dokter apabila anak sering mengalami demam, nyeri saat buang air kecil, sering buang air kecil, dan nyeri perut.

Hepatitis B dan C tidak hanya menyerang hati, tapi juga bisa menyebabkan peradangan pada glomerulus ginjal yang meningkatkan risiko penyakit ginjal kronis.

Baca Juga: Cara Mencegah Terkena Penyakit Gagal Ginjal Kronis

Masalah kesehatan lain

Masalah kesehatan lain seperti lupus dan diabetes tipe 1 bisa menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal yang berpotensi menjadi penyakit ginjal kronis. Lupus adalah penyakit autoimun di mana sistem kekebalan tubuh menyerang jaringan tubuh sendiri, termasuk ginjal. Orang dengan lupus sering mengeluhkan kelelahan, nyeri sendi, ruam kulit, dan demam.

Pada anak-anak, diabetes tipe 1 yang tidak terkontrol dapat menyebabkan komplikasi termasuk kerusakan ginjal. Diabetes tipe 1 juga termasuk penyakit autoimun di mana sistem kekebalan tubuh menyerang dan menghancurkan sel-sel penghasil insulin di pankreas.

 

Penyakit ginjal kronis pada anak bisa menjadi kondisi yang serius. Anak-anak dengan penyakit ini sering mengalami pertumbuhan yang terhambat karena ginjal yang rusak tidak dapat memproduksi hormon yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan tulang yang normal.

Segera bawa anak ke dokter apabila anak mengalami perubahan pola buang air kecil, sering mengalami kelelahan berlebihan, penurunan berat badan tanpa sebab, mengalami pertumbuhan yang terhambat, dan pembengkakan baik di wajah, pergelangan kaki atau tangan.

Anda juga bisa berkonsultasi dengan dokter kami melalui aplikasi Ai Care yang dapat diunduh di App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Selasa, 27 Agustus 2024 | 04:54

Kids Health (2024). Chronic Kidney Disease. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/chronic-kidney-disease.html 

Healthy Children (2023). Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Children. Available from: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Chronic-Kidney-Disease-in-Children.aspx 

National Kidney Foundation. How Your Kidneys Work. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/howkidneyswrk 

Danny Bonvissuto (2022). What Meds Might Hurt My Kidneys?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medicine-hurt-kidneys 

National Kidney Foundation. Which Drugs are Harmful to Your Kidneys?. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/drugs-your-kidneys 

National Kidney Foundation. High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease in Children. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/hbpchildren 

InfoKID (2024). Renal dysplasia. Available from: https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/renal-dysplasia 

Penn Medicine (2023). Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/focal-segmental-glomerulosclerosis 

National Kidney Foundation. Minimal Change Disease. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/minimal-change-disease 

Kids Health (2021). Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/urinary.html 

Lupus Foundation of America (2020). What is lupus?. Available from: https://www.lupus.org/resources/what-is-lupus 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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