4 Hal yang Dapat Menyebabkan Resistensi Antibiotik

4 Hal yang Dapat Menyebabkan Resistensi Antibiotik
Ilustrasi antibiotik. Credits: Freepik

Bagikan :


Antibiotik adalah obat yang digunakan untuk melawan infeksi bakteri. Obat ini bekerja dengan cara membunuh bakteri atau menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Antibiotik dapat merusak struktur penting dalam bakteri sehingga tidak bisa bertahan hidup maupun berkembang biak.

Mengonsumsi antibiotik tanpa resep atau sembarangan dapat memiliki dampak yang serius, salah satunya adalah resistensi antibiotik.

 

Apa itu Resistensi Antibiotik?

Resistensi antibiotik adalah kondisi ketika bakteri berubah dan menolak antibiotik yang digunakan untuk mengobati secara efektif. Kondisi ini bisa terjadi ketika Anda menggunakan antibiotik berlebihan, menggunakan antibiotik tanpa resep dokter, atau menghentikan pengobatan antibiotik sebelum selesai masa pengobatan.

Resistensi antibiotik menjadi tantangan serius dalam pengobatan infeksi bakteri karena menyebabkan kondisi yang sulit diobati, memperpanjang masa sakit, meningkatkan biaya pengobatan, dan meningkatkan risiko kematian.

Tindakan pencegahan seperti mempraktikkan kebersihan yang baik, tidak sembarangan minum antibiotik, dan mengikuti petunjuk dokter dalam menggunakan antibiotik menjadi langkah penting dalam mencegah resistensi antibiotik serta mempertahankan efektivitas pengobatan antibiotik di masa depan.

 

Penyebab Resistensi Antibiotik

Resistensi antibiotik dapat terjadi melalui 4 cara, di antaranya:

Penggunaan antibiotik berlebihan

Antibiotik bukanlah obat dewa yang bisa menyembuhkan semua infeksi. Infeksi yang bisa disembuhkan oleh antibiotik adalah yang disebabkan oleh bakteri.

Seringkali sakit tenggorokan disebabkan oleh virus, bukan bakteri. Namun, kebanyakan orang terburu-buru untuk minum antibiotik saat mereka sakit tenggorokan, terutama dilakukan tanpa resep dokter. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak diperlukan tidak akan membantu menyembuhkan infeksi dan berpotensi menyebabkan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik.

Inilah mengapa sangat penting untuk berkonsultasi dengan dokter sebelum mengonsumsi antibiotik dan mendapatkan diagnosis yang akurat terkait perlu atau tidaknya antibiotik dalam kasus Anda.

Baca Juga: Panduan Minum Obat Antibiotik, Yang Boleh dan Tak Boleh

Penyalahgunaan antibiotik

Tidak minum antibiotik seperti yang diresepkan oleh dokter berperan dalam resistensi antibiotik. Ketika lupa minum dosis yang diresepkan, menghentikan konsumsi obat terlalu cepat, atau menggunakan antibiotik tidak sesuai dengan petunjuk dokter dapat memicu pertumbuhan bakteri yang resisten terhadap obat.

Apabila antibiotik tidak dihabiskan seluruhnya, bakteri yang tersisa di dalam tubuh tetap hidup dan berkembang biak. Bakteri yang resisten terhadap obat akan bertahan hidup, sementara yang tidak resisten akan mati. Bakteri yang resisten ini akan berkembang biak lebih banyak lagi, sehingga meningkatkan kemampuannya untuk bertahan dan berkembang biak di lingkungan antibiotik.

Resistensi spontan

Resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu disebabkan oleh penyalahgunaan antibiotik. Kondisi ini juga bisa terjadi karena adanya perubahan genetik yang spontan pada bakteri.

Saat bakteri berkembang biak, ada kemungkinan kecil terjadinya kesalahan dalam penyalinan DNA yang menyebabkan perubahan pada gen-gen tertentu. Mutasi ini menyebabkan bakteri mengembangkan kemampuan untuk melawan efek antibiotik.

Baca Juga: Kenali Penggunaan dan Efek Samping Antibiotik

Resistensi yang ditularkan

Resistensi antibiotik bisa ditularkan dari seseorang yang terinfeksi ke orang lain, baik melalui kontak langsung maupun lingkungan yang terkontaminasi oleh bakteri tersebut. Misalnya, apabila Anda terinfeksi bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik tertentu kemudian Anda berinteraksi dengan orang lain, maka ada kemungkinan bahwa bakteri ini akan menyebar ke orang lain melalui kontak langsung, droplets, atau kontak dengan permukaan yang terkontaminasi.

Bakteri resisten yang menular pada orang lain menyebabkan infeksi yang lebih sulit untuk diobati. Ini menjadi masalah serius karena akan membutuhkan waktu lama untuk mencari pengobatan yang efektif.

 

Satu-satunya cara untuk memerangi resistensi antibiotik adalah dengan menggunakan antibiotik dengan bertanggung jawab, mendapatkan vaksin untuk mencegah penyakit menular, serta menjalankan pola hidup bersih dan sehat. Hindari menggunakan antibiotik sembarangan dan selalu konsultasikan gejala yang Anda alami dengan dokter.

 

Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store bila memiliki gejala sakit tenggorokan, flu, batuk, atau pilek yang tidak kunjung membaik.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Alvidiani Agustina Damanik
Last Updated : Senin, 15 Juli 2024 | 07:45

Cleveland Clinic (2023). Antibiotic Resistance. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21655-antibiotic-resistance 

Cedars Sinai (2022). Antibiotic Resistance. Available from: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/antibiotic-resistance.html 

Medline Plus (2022). Antibiotics. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/antibiotics.html 

Mayo Clinic (2023). Antibiotics: Are you misusing them?. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/antibiotics/art-20045720 

Adam Rowden (2023). What to know about antibiotic resistance. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antibiotic-resistance 

NHS Inform (2023). Antibiotics. Available from: https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/antibiotics/ 

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.89msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9912 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6867 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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