Mengenal Tren 'Surrogate Mother', Memiliki Anak Lewat Ibu Pengganti

Mengenal Tren 'Surrogate Mother', Memiliki Anak Lewat Ibu Pengganti

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Praktik surrogate mother atau lebih tepatnya disebut surrogacy atau dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut ibu pengganti masih menjadi kontroversi di berbagai negara. Di Indonesia sendiri, praktik ini adalah ilegal karena menurut UU No 36 Tahun 2009, Pasal 127 ayat (1) tentang kesehatan diatur bahwa upaya kehamilan di luar cara alamiah hanya dapat dilakukan oleh pasangan suami istri yang sah, di mana pembuahan sperma dan ovum ditanamkan di dalam rahim istri dari mana ovum berasal.

Pun demikian, beberapa negara melegalkan praktik ini dengan berbagai persyaratan dan ketentuan yang harus dipenuhi. Yuk ketahui bagaimana surrogate mother dilakukan.

Jenis surrogacy

Ada dua jenis praktik ibu pengganti seperti dilansir IVF Australia:

1. Gestational surrogacy - adalah ketika embrio yang telah dibuahi, dipindahkan ke ibu pengganti. Dalam hal ini, embrio adalah hasil fertilisasi in vitro (IVF) menggunakan sel telur dan sperma dari orang tua atau dari donor pihak ketiga. Tidak ada kontribusi genetik dari ibu pengganti dalam hal ini.

2. Traditional surrogacy - adalah ketika ibu pengganti menggunakan sel telurnya sendiri, dan sperma berasal dari ayah, yang prosesnya dilakukan melalui inseminasi. Ini berarti bahwa ibu pengganti memiliki hubungan genetik dengan anak yang dikandungnya.

Umumnya gestational surrogacy adalah praktik yang legal dilakukan di Australia, dan Amerika. Menurut WebMD, ada sekitar 750 bayi setiap tahunnya yang lahir melalui praktik gestational surrogacy ini.

Mengapa orang melakukan surrogacy?

Dilansir Better Health, ada beberapa alasan yang menyebabkan orang setuju untuk melakukan praktik surrogacy, di antaranya:

  • Seorang wanita tidak dapat hamil karena telah menjalani histerektomi atau kehilangan bagian dari rahim, indung telur atau bagian lain dari saluran genital
  • Seorang wanita memiliki kondisi kesehatan yang membuatnya berisiko jika hamil
  • Pasangan pria sesama jenis yang ingin memiliki anak menggunakan sperma dari salah satu pasangan
  • Seorang orang tua tunggal yang menginginkan memiliki anak tanpa pernikahan
  • Seorang wanita yang memiliki embrio beku dalam penyimpanan meninggal dan pasangan prianya ingin menggunakan embrio tersebut untuk memiliki anak

Persyaratan melakukan surrogacy

Secara umum, ada persyaratan khusus yang perlu dipenuhi untuk diperbolehkan menjalani praktik surrogacy di beberapa negara. Beberapa di antaranya adalah seperti dilansir Healthline berikut ini:

  • Usia ibu pengganti di antara 21-45 tahun
  • Ibu pengganti pernah hamil tanpa komplikasi, dengan batasan kurang dari lima kali persalinan per vaginam dan dua kali operasi caesar
  • Ibu pengganti harus memiliki lingkungan hidup yang baik, dan gaya hidup yang jauh dari penyalahgunaan obat-obatan terlarang dan alkohol
  • Ibu pengganti harus menjalani serangkaian tes, misalnya seperti tes kesehatan mental, tes infeksi menular seksual, dan tes fisik menyeluruh

Tidak ada undang-undang federal yang mengatur soal surrogacy, sehingga umumnya orang tua yang mengajukan praktik ini masih harus melewati proses adopsi untuk mendapatkan hak asuh anak secara hukum. Beberapa kontrak terperinci mungkin juga harus dilakukan apabila terjadi kemungkinan seperti kehamilan kembar yang di luar rencana.

Taylor, Rebecca Buffum.(2021). Using a Surrogate Mother: What You Need to Know. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/using-surrogate-mother

Marcin, Ashley. (2019). Growing Your Family Through Gestational Surrogacy. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/surrogate-mother

IVF Australia. Surrogacy. Available from: https://www.ivf.com.au/treatments/donor-programme/surrogacy

Better Health. Surrogacy. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/surrogacy#the-surrogate

 

Tri Jata Ayu Pramesti, S.H. (2018). Aspek Hukum tentang Surrogate Mother (Ibu Pengganti). Available from: https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/aspek-hukum-tentang-isurrogate-mother-i-ibu-pengganti-lt4c562a3b4bba4

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        #12025-04-17 22:13:29GET/ibu-dan-anak/mengenal-tren-surrogate-mother-memiliki-anak-lewat-ibu-pengganti2112940