Tiga Jenis Hiperpigmentasi dan Penyebabnya

Tiga Jenis Hiperpigmentasi dan Penyebabnya
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Hiperpigmentasi termasuk salah satu masalah perubahan kulit. Kondisi ini ditandai dengan perubahan warna kulit yang disebabkan oleh produksi pigmen berlebihan.

Hiperpigmentasi dapat muncul dalam berbagai bentuk dan warna, termasuk bercak berwarna cokelat, hitam, abu-abu, merah, atau merah muda. Bintik-bintik hiperpigmentasi sering kali menjadi masalah estetika dan menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan bagi sebagian besar orang.

 

Jenis-Jenis Hiperpigmentasi dan Penyebabnya

Hiperpigmentasi dikategorikan menjadi tiga jenis umum yang memiliki penyebab berbeda-beda, di antaranya:

Melasma

Melasma adalah kondisi kulit yang menyebabkan bercak dan bintik-bintik gelap di wajah. Bintik-bintik ini berwarna lebih gelap dari warna kulit alami seseorang.

Melasma umumnya disebabkan oleh paparan sinar matahari dan perubahan hormonal seperti selama kehamilan atau penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal. Melasma bukanlah kondisi yang menular dan tidak dapat ditularkan dari satu orang ke orang lain melalui kontak kulit atau kontak lainnya.

Melasma bisa menjadi kondisi yang sulit diobati dan dihilangkan sepenuhnya. Kondisi kulit ini, bahkan bisa bertahan selama bertahun-tahun. Dibutuhkan perawatan yang cukup intensif untuk memudarkan perubahan warna kulit yang disebabkan oleh melasma.

Hiperpigmentasi pasca inflamasi

Hiperpigmentasi pasca inflamasi (PIH) adalah kelainan kulit yang umum terjadi akibat peradangan atau cedera di kulit. Perubahan warna kulit terjadi sebagai respons dari peradangan atau cedera, di mana sebagian area kulit menjadi lebih gelap dari warna kulit alami.

PIH dapat muncul akibat berbagai jenis peradangan atau cedera kulit seperti jerawat, luka bakar, luka sayatan, gigitan serangga, reaksi alergi, atau kondisi peradangan seperti dermatitis. Orang dengan warna kulit yang lebih gelap atau sering terkena paparan sinar matahari lebih berisiko mengalami PIH. Paparan sinar matahari tanpa perlindungan tabir surya juga dapat memperlama penyembuhan PIH.

Baca Juga: Syringoma, Bintik Kecil yang Termasuk Tumor Jinak di Kulit

Bintik-bintik penuaan

Bintik-bintik penuaan merupakan salah satu tanda penuaan kulit yang umum terjadi akibat paparan sinar matahari berlebihan selama bertahun-tahun. Bintik-bintik ini sering muncul di area kulit yang paling sering terkena sinar matahari seperti wajah, punggung tangan, bahu, atau lengan bagian bawah.

Bintik-bintik penuaan memiliki beberapa ciri khusus, di antaranya:

  • Berbentuk oval atau bulat dengan ukuran sekitar 13 milimeter yang bisa muncul sendiri maupun berkelompok
  • Warna bintik-bintik cokelat muda hingga tua, dan bervariasi tergantung pada pigmentasi kulit dan seberapa sering terkena paparan sinar matahari
  • Lebih sering muncul di area tubuh yang paling sering terkena sinar matahari
  • Bintik-bintik berwarna lebih gelap daripada kulit di sekitarnya

 

Cara Mengatasi Masalah Hiperpigmentasi

Mengatasi masalah hiperpigmentasi bisa melibatkan berbagai pendekatan berbeda, tergantung pada penyebab, tingkat keparahan dan preferensi Anda. Namun, ada beberapa cara umum yang biasa dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah hiperpigmentasi, di antaranya:

Penggunaan krim pemutih kulit

Krim pemutih kulit yang mengandung bahan aktif yang memutihkan seperti hidrokuinon, asam azelat, asam kojat dan tretinoin dapat membantu mengurangi produksi melanin sehingga dapat memudarkan bintik-bintik gelap di kulit. Namun, karena penggunaannya memiliki risiko sendiri, sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter terlebih dahulu untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi produk yang tepat dan aman.

Terapi laser

Terapi laser dapat digunakan untuk menghancurkan melanin berlebihan di dalam kulit dan memperbaiki hiperpigmentasi, khususnya pada kondisi yang lebih dalam atau lebih parah.

Peeling kimia

Peeling kimia dapat membantu mengelupas lapisan kulit bagian atas, merangsang regenerasi sel-sel kulit baru dan memudarkan hiperpigmentasi. Ada banyak jenis peeling kimia baik yang bisa digunakan sendiri di rumah atau di klinik kecantikan.

Baca Juga: Prosedur Chemical Peeling, Apa Manfaatnya Bagi Kulit?

Tabir surya

Penggunaan tabir surya setiap hari sangat penting untuk mencegah hiperpigmentasi lebih lanjut dan melindungi kulit dari paparan sinar matahari yang dapat memperburuk kondisi. Pastikan untuk memulih tabir surya dengan SPF tinggi dan spektrum luas agar melindungi kulit dengan baik dari paparan sinar UVA dan UVB.

Microdermabrasi

Salah satu perawatan kulit lain yang bisa digunakan mengatasi hiperpigmentasi adalah mikrodermabrasi. Prosedur ini bekerja dengan menghilangkan lapisan luar kulit yang mati menggunakan alat khusus.

 

Masalah hiperpigmentasi tidak selalu menjadi hal yang mudah diatasi dengan krim perawatan kulit. Apabila Anda sudah mencoba krim perawatan kulit, menggunakan tabir surya namun noda di kulit sulit diatasi, sebaiknya konsultasikan dengan dokter untuk mendapatkan pengobatan dan perawatan yang lebih efektif.

Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store bila memiliki pertanyaan seputar masalah kulit lainnya.

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Kamis, 15 Februari 2024 | 06:00

Beth Sissons (2023). What to know about hyperpigmentation. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323808 

Cristina Mutchler (2023). What Is Hyperpigmentation?. Available from: https://www.health.com/hyperpigmentation-8386761 

Christine Case-Lo and Kristeen Cherney (2024). What Causes Skin Discoloration?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/discolored-skin-patches 

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Hyperpigmentation. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21885-hyperpigmentation 

American Academy of Dermatology Association (2022). Melasma: Overview. Available from: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/melasma-overview 

Elizabeth Lawrence and Khalid M. Al Aboud (2022). Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559150/ 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Age spots (liver spots). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859 

Kristeen Cherney (2023). 8 Treatment Options for Hyperpigmentation. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/hyperpigmentation-treatment 

Cleveland Clinic (2023). Yes, You Should Wear Sunscreen Every Day. Available from: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/why-you-should-wear-sunscreen-every-day 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.17msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4320 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4320
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7828 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7828
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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