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Penyebab Hiperkalemia, Ketika Kadar Kalium dalam Darah Terlalu Tinggi

Penyebab Hiperkalemia, Ketika Kadar Kalium dalam Darah Terlalu Tinggi
Credit: Freepik. Kelebihan kalium dapat menyebabkan gangguan irama jantung, mual dan gangguan otot.

Bagikan :


Kalium adalah salah satu mineral yang memiliki fungsi penting dalam tubuh. Kalium berfungsi untuk menjaga kelistrikan otot jantung serta berperan penting dalam tulang, pencernaan, juga kontraksi dan fungsi otot. Namun kelebihan kalium (hiperkalemia) juga dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan terutama berkaitan dengan saraf dan jantung.

 

Apa itu Hiperkalemia?

Kelebihan kadar kalium dalam darah dikenal dengan istilah hiperkalemia. Meskipun kalium merupakan mineral penting yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, namun kelebihan kadar kalium dalam darah dapat merusak jantung dan menyebabkan serangan jantung.

Normalnya, kadar kalium dalam darah berksiar antara 3,5-5 mmol/L. Anda dikatakan mengalami hiperkalemia jika kadar kalium dalam darah mencapai lebih dari 5.5 mmol/L. Apabila kadar kalium sangat tinggi mencapai 6,5 mmol/L, Anda memerlukan perawatan medis segera.

 

Penyebab Hiperkalemia

Kelebihan kalium dalam darah dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor seperti kondisi medis dan pengaruh obat-obatan. Dilansir dari WebMD, berikut ini penyebab terjadinya kelebihan kalsium dalam darah:

 

Penyakit Ginjal

Hiperkalemia dapat terjadi ketika ginjal Anda tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Salah satu fungsi ginjal adalah menyeimbangkan kadar mineral dalam tubuh dengan membuang limbah dan mineral melalui urine.

Apabila ginjal tidak dapat berfungsi dengan normal, ginjal akan kesulitan menyaring dan membuang kelebihan kalium dan mineral lainnya dari dalam tubuh. Sebagian besar orang yang mengalami hiperkalemia umumnya mengalami penyakit atau masalah pada ginjal.

 

Pola Makan Tinggi Kalium

Bagi Anda yang memiliki masalah ginjal, mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung kalium tinggi juga dapat menyebabkan hiperkalemia. Beberapa makanan yang sebaiknya dihindari jika Anda memiliki masalah ginjal di antaranya pisang, melon, blewah dan jus jeruk.

 

Pengaruh Obat-Obatan dan Suplemen

Obat-obatan yang Anda konsumsi juga dapat memengaruhi kinerja ginjal sehingga ginjal sulit mengeluarkan kalium dalam darah. Beberapa obat-obatan yang diketahui dapat meningkatkan kadar kalium dalam darah antara lain antibiotik, obat tekanan darah, obat antijamur, pengencer darah dan suplemen kalium.

 

Penyakit Addison

Penyakit Addison adalah gangguan yang terjadi pada tubuh ketika tubuh tidak menghasilkan hormon tertentu dalam jumlah yang cukup. Hiperkalemia pada penyakit Addison disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon aldosteron sehingga menyebabkan ginjal mengalami retensi kalium, sulit mengeluarkan kalium dalam urine.

 

Cara Mengatasi Hiperkalemia

Kondisi hiperkalemia sering kali terjadi tanpa gejala. Beberapa gejala yang sering muncul pada pasien hiperkalemia antara lain mual, kelelahan, kelemahan otot dan kesemutan. Untuk mendiagnosis hiperkalemia, Anda perlu melakukan pemeriksaan darah dan EKG.

Pemeriksaan darah dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar kalium dalam darah, sedangkan pemeriksaan EKG diperlukan untuk melihat pengaruh tingginya kalium pada irama jantung.

Penanganan hiperkalemia tergantung dari kadar kalium dalam darah. Beberapa penanganan hiperkalemia yang bisa dilakukan antara lain:

  • Mengonsumsi obat-obatan diuretik
  • Pemberian infus untuk mengurangi kadar kalium
  • Cuci darah

Dokter akan menyarankan prosedur cuci darah apabila hiperkalemia yang dialami pasien disebabkan oleh gagal ginjal. Cuci darah juga dapat dilakukan apabila berbagai terapi yang diberikan tidak menunjukkan hasil yang diharapkan. 

Kelebihan kalium dapat menyebabkan gangguan irama jantung, mual dan gangguan otot. Untuk mencegah hiperkalemia Anda dapat membatasi makanan yang mengandung kalium tinggi serta hanya minum suplemen kalium sesuai anjuran dokter. Apabila Anda mengalami gejala hiperkalemia maka sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 08:26

Mayo Clinic Staff. High Potassium (Hyperkalemia). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/hyperkalemia/basics/definition/sym-20050776#

Cleveland Clinic. Hyperkalemia (High Potassium). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15184-hyperkalemia-high-blood-potassium

 

WebMD. (2021). What Is Hyperkalemia. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hyperkalemia-potassium-importance

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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