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Kenali Penyakit "Demam Keong" (Schistomosiasis) yang Disebabkan oleh Parasit

Kenali Penyakit "Demam Keong" (Schistomosiasis) yang Disebabkan oleh Parasit
Credit: Freepik

Bagikan :


Pernahkah Anda mendengar istilah penyakit demam keong? Demam keong adalah istilah yang populer di Indonesia untuk menyebut penyakit schistosomiasis, infeksi cacing parasit yang banyak dijumpai di Afrika, Amerika Selatan termasuk Asia Tenggara. Istilah demam keong digunakan karena penyakit ini menular melalui larva yang hidup dalam tubuh keong.

 

Apa Itu Demam Keong (Schistosomiasis)?

Demam keong atau schistosomiasis (bilzharia) adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh parasit Schistoma. Penyakit ini dapat bersifat akut maupun kronis dan dapat menyerang berbagai macam organ dalam tubuh seperti paru-paru, sistem saraf dan otak. Organ yang mengalami kerusakan tergantung dari jenis parasit yang menyerang.

Schistosomiasis biasanya tidak bersifat mematikan segera, namun penyakit ini dapat berkembang menjadi penyakit kronis yang merusak organ. Pada anak-anak, schistosomiasis bisa menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan dan masalah perkembangan kognitif.

 

Cara Penularan Demam Keong (Schistomosiasis)?

Cacing parasit penyebab demam keong hidup di air tawar seperti kolam, danau, sungai atau waduk. Parasit ini dapat menginfeksi seseorang jika bersentuhan dengan air yang terkontaminasi parasit tersebut misalnya saat berenang, mencuci, mengayuh kapal atau makan dan minum air dari area yang terkontaminasi.

Ketika cacing parasit masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui kulit, parasit akan bersarang di dalam tubuh selama beberapa minggu sebelum menetaskan telurnya. Sistem kekebalan tubuh kemudian akan menyerang larva tersebut agar dapat dikeluarkan melalui tinja dan urine. Namun jika kondisi ini tidak ditangani dengan tepat, cacing dapat terus menetaskan telur pada jangka panjang.

 

Baca Juga: Toksoplasmosis, Kenali Infeksi Parasit Ini Lebih Dalam

 

Gejala Demam Keong (Schistomosiasis)

Gejala demam keong berkembang sangat lama sesuai dengan fase perkembangan infeksi parasit. Awalnya demam keong tidak menunjukkan gejala khusus. Keluhan awal yang dirasakan penderita antara lain gatal dan munculnya ruam.

Gejala lain yang muncul setelah 30-60 hari terinfeksi antara lain:

  • Demam
  • Menggigil
  • Batuk-batuk
  • Nyeri otot

Jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat, gejala yang muncul antara lain:

  • Nyeri di perut
  • Pembesaran lever
  • Munculnya darah di urine (hematuria) dan tinja (hematochezia)
  • Susah kencing
  • Keguguran pada wanita hamil

Pada infeksi schistosomiasis kronis, kondisi ini dapat menyebabkan luka di lever hingga risiko kanker kandung kemih.

 

Baca Juga: Rabies Hingga Infeksi Coronavirus, Kenali 6 Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis yang Ditularkan dari Hewan ke Manusia

 

Penanganan dan Pencegahan Demam Keong (Schistosomiasis)

Demam keong atau schistosomiasis dapat diatasi dengan pemberian praziquantel yang efektif untuk membasmi cacing parasit. Obat ini paling efektif diberikan ketika cacing parasit baru tumbuh sehingga pasien mungkin perlu mengulangi pengobatan selama beberapa kali di minggu pertama setelah dosis pertama.

Obat steroid juga dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi gejala schistosomiasis akut atau gejala lain yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan sistem saraf.

Berdasarkan rekomendasi CDC, demam keong atau schistosomiasis dapat dicegah dengan mengurangi kontak langsung dengan air atau area yang terkontaminasi. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara:

  • Tidak berenang di perairan yang kotor
  • Minum air yang matang
  • Makan makanan yang matang dan bersih

Anda juga dapat membasmi keong yang ada di sekitar rumah menggunakan zat kimia atau menyediakan predator keong, yaitu udang karang.

 

Demam keong adalah infeksi parasit yang masih banyak dijumpai di Indonesia. Infeksi ini dapat menular dari aktivitas yang ada di air terkontaminasi parasit. Apabila Anda mengalami gejala setelah beraktivitas di air tawar yang tidak higienis, sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Senin, 27 Mei 2024 | 10:05

CDC. Parasites-Schistosomiasis. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/index.html#

WHO. Schistosomiasis. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

NHS. Schistosomiasis. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

Cleveland Clinic. Schistosomiasis. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis

Sehat Negeriku, 2018. Indonesia akan Eradikasi Demam Keong. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20180117/3324407/indonesia-eradikasi-demam-keong/

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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