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  • Rabies Hingga Infeksi Coronavirus, Kenali 6 Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis yang Ditularkan dari Hewan ke Manusia

Rabies Hingga Infeksi Coronavirus, Kenali 6 Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis yang Ditularkan dari Hewan ke Manusia

Rabies Hingga Infeksi Coronavirus, Kenali 6 Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis yang Ditularkan dari Hewan ke Manusia
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Zoonosis adalah penyakit infeksi yang dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus, bakteri, parasit, jamur dan dapat menular melalui hewan seperti hewan peliharaan, hewan ternak, dan hewan liar. Penyakit zoonosis perlu diwaspadai karena jenis penyakit yang ditularkan sangat beragam, mulai dari penyakit ringan hingga penyakit serius yang dapat menyebabkan kematian.

 

Jenis-Jenis Penyakit Zoonosis

Deretan penyakit zoonosis hingga kini terus bertambah. Menurut catatan WHO, sekitar 60% penyakit infeksi berbahaya yang dilaporkan secara global merupakan penyakit zoonosis. WHO menambahkan bahwa sekitar 75% dari penyakit baru yang terdeteksi dalam 3 dekade terakhir juga merupakan penyakit zoonosis.

Beberapa penyakit zoonosis yang banyak ditemui di masyarakat antara lain:

1. Coronavirus

Coronavirus merupakan keluarga besar virus yang digolongkan sebagai zoonosis, yaitu penyakit yang dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV ditularkan dari luwak ke manusia, sedangkan MERS-CoV ditularkan dari unta atau kelelawar ke manusia. 

Pada manusia, virus ini menyebabkan infeksi pernapasan mulai dari flu ringan hingga penyakit serius seperti MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, dan SARS-CoV 2 penyebab Covid-19. Beberapa gejala infeksi Coronavirus meliputi demam, batuk, dan sesak napas. Pada beberapa kasus berat infeksi Coronavirus dapat menyebabkan pneumonia, gagal ginjal, dan infeksi saluran pernapasan berat.

2. Cacar monyet (monkeypox)

Cacar monyet pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1958 ketika ada dua kasus cacar yang muncul pada monyet yang yang digunakan untuk penelitian. Inang utama dari virus ini adalah tikus atau hewan pengerat, namun infeksi cacar monyet bisa ditemukan pada banyak spesies hewan seperti monyet dan tupai. Penyakit ini merupakan endemi di beberapa negara di Afrika, namun kini telah menyebar ke beberapa negara seperti Amerika Serikat dan beberapa negara di Eropa.

3. Anthrax

Anthrax merupakan infeksi bakteri yang dapat menular melalui hewan ternak. Seseorang dapat tertular anthrax jika mereka melakukan kontak langsung dengan hewan yang terinfeksi, menyantap daging hewan yang sudah terinfeksi atau menghirup jamur dari bakteri anthrax.

4. Rabies

Penyakit rabies atau anjing gila adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus rabies jenis Rhabdovirus. Penyakit ini menyerang sistem saraf pusat dan dapat bersifat mematikan jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat. Meskipun berbahaya, namun rabies merupakan penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian vaksin dan menghindari kontak dengan satwa liar.

Penyakit rabies umumnya ditemukan pada hewan liar seperti kelelawar, rakun, sigung dan serigala. Namun menurut CDC, di beberapa negara, virus rabies masih dijumpai pada anjing liar dan peliharaan serta menyebabkan kematian akibat gigitan anjing.

5. Demam berdarah dengue, malaria, chikungunya

Hewan berukuran kecil seperti nyamuk juga dapat menularkan penyakit pada manusia. Penyakit infeksi ini umumnya ditandai dengan demam tinggi, badan linu, sakit kepala dan muntah. Apabila tidak ditangani dengan tepat penyakit ini dapat berkembang menjadi serius dan menyebabkan kematian.

6. Infeksi salmonella

Infeksi salmonella atau salmonellosis merupakan penyakit infeksi bakteri Salmonella yang ditandai dengan diare, demam, dan nyeri perut. Bakteri ini hidup di saluran pencernaan hewan dan menular ke manusia melalui makanan yang terkontaminasi kotoran hewan. Penyakit ini dapat sembuh sendiri tanpa pengobatan khusus dan antibiotik. Namun apabila kondisi memburuk, Anda perlu segera mendapat perawatan di rumah sakit.

Di Indonesia yang merupakan negara tropis. penyakit zoonosis akibat gigitan nyamuk masih menjadi penyakit endemik di beberapa daerah. Orang yang tinggal di daerah peternakan, orang yang sering berinteraksi dengan hewan liar di alam bebas maupun orang yang memiliki hewan peliharaan memiliki risiko tinggi tertular penyakit zoonosis. Namun beberapa langkah pencegahan seperti rajin mencuci tangan, menerima vaksin, menjaga kebersihan makanan, mencegah gigitan nyamuk dan menghindari gigitan atau cakaran hewan dapat membantu Anda terhindar dari penyakit zoonosis.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 01:55

CDC. 8 Zoonotic Diseases Shared Between Animals and People of Most Concern in the U.S. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0506-zoonotic-diseases-shared.html

CDC. Zoonotic Disease. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html

WHO Regional Office For Africa. Coronavirus. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/coronavirus

WHO Eastern Meditteranean Region of WHO. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/fr/about-who/rc61/zoonotic-diseases.html

WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). FAQ Coronavirus. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20030400008/FAQ-Coronavirus.html

 

CDC. What is Anthrax?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html#

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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new880μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 4 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2031 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2031
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9185 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9185
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.04msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8750 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8750
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.06msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10127 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8581
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.93msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7766 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7766
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7591 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7591
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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