Toksoplasmosis, Kenali Infeksi Parasit Ini Lebih Dalam

Toksoplasmosis, Kenali Infeksi Parasit Ini Lebih Dalam

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Toksoplasmosis adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh parasit yang disebut Toxoplasma gondii. Penularannya sering terjadi melalui penelanan kista parasit dari daging mentah atau daging yang tidak matang dimasaknya, air dan makanan yang terkontaminasi, serta kotoran kucing. Penularan juga bisa terjadi melalui plasenta ibu yang hamil pada janinnya serta melalui transfusi darah. 

Toksoplasmosis berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya bagi ibu hamil karena dapat menyebabkan bayi yang dilahirkan mengalami kecacatan, hingga kematian. 

Gejala toksoplasmosis

Toksoplasmosis biasanya tidak menyebabkan gejala bagi sebagian besar orang. Orang-orang sering tidak menyadari bahwa mereka terinfeksi. Namun, pada beberapa orang dengan kekebalan tubuh yang menurun bisa muncul gejala infeksi. Dilansir NHS UK, berikut adalah gejala terinfeksi toksoplasmosis:

  • Demam tinggi
  • Nyeri dan pegal pada otot
  • Kelelahan
  • Sakit tenggorokan
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Sakit kepala

Gejala toksoplasmosis bisa bertahan satu bulan atau lebih dan bisa berbahaya apabila menginfeksi ibu hamil atau orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang rendah. Dilansir Healthline, inilah resiko yang dialami saat terinfeksi toksoplasmosis:

  • Peradangan otak yang dapat menyebabkan sakit kepala, kejang, gangguan kognitif, dan koma
  • Infeksi paru-paru dengan gejala seperti batuk, demam, dan sesak napas
  • Infeksi mata yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan penglihatan dan sakit mata
  • Janin yang terinfeksi dapat mengalami kecacatan tubuh atau kematian

Cara mendeteksi toksoplasmosis

Umumnya toksoplasmosis dapat dideteksi lewat tes darah, dengan melihat adanya antibodi toksoplasma atau tidak. Adanya antibodi pada darah menandakan bahwa Anda telah terinfeksi toksoplasma dari 1 minggu sampai 6 bulan terakhir. Bila ditemukan adanya antibodi, dokter biasanya akan melakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan untuk mencari tahu kapan pastinya Anda terinfeksi.

Ketika hasil pemeriksaan toksoplasmosis di awal kehamilan menunjukkan hasil positif, maka Anda akan diminta melakukan pemeriksaan air ketuban untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut apakah janin Anda juga telah terinfeksi toksoplasmosis. Bila hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan ditemukan infeksi pada janin, maka Anda akan diminta melakukan perawatan dan konsumsi obat antibiotik, namun bila usia kandungan masih sangat muda biasanya akan ditawarkan pilihan menggugurkan janin untuk mencegah kecacatan pada janin di kemudian hari.

Pengobatan pada toksoplasmosis

Mereka yang ditemukan telah terinfeksi toksoplasmosis namun dalam kondisi sehat dan tidak memiliki gejala yang mengkhawatirkan, maka tidak akan diberi pengobatan, karena infeksi tersebut akan sembuh dengan sendirinya.

Namun, dokter akan meresepkan obat pada gejala infeksi yang parah. Terapi awal diberikan selama 6 minggu, umumnya dokter akan meresepkan kombinasi obat antiparasit dengan antibiotik. Asam folat biasanya juga diberikan untuk mencegah efek samping kekurangan asam folat dari salah satu obat.

Cara mencegah toksoplasmosis

Infeksi toksoplasmosis bisa dicegah dan dihindari, dengan cara sebagai berikut:

  • Selalu mencuci bersih semua bahan makanan yang akan dimasak atau dimakan langsung
  • Pastikan memasak daging dengan tingkat kematangan sempurna sehingga parasit atau bakteri yang terkandung sudah mati
  • Bersihkan semua peralatan memasak yang berkontak dengan daging mentah
  • Biasakan mencuci tangan setelah membersihkan kotoran kucing atau kandang kucing

Walaupun infeksi ini bisa sembuh dengan sendirinya pada sebagian besar orang, tetap berhati-hati bila Anda adalah wanita hamil atau memiliki kekebalan tubuh yang rendah. Jika Anda memelihara kucing di rumah, sebaiknya minta bantuan orang lain dalam membersihkan kandang dan sisa kotoran kucing untuk menurunkan resiko terinfeksi toksoplasmosis.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 21:39

Toxoplasmosis (2020). NHS UK. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/toxoplasmosis/

Holm G (2018). Toxoplasmosis. Healthline. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/toxoplasmosis

Madireddy S, Chacon E, Mangat R (2021). Toxoplasmosis. NCBI Statpearl. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563286/

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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