Apa itu Obat Antivirus dan Bagaimana Cara Kerjanya

Apa itu Obat Antivirus dan Bagaimana Cara Kerjanya
Ilustrasi obat untuk mengatasi infeksi. Credits: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Virus adalah agen infeksi yang sangat kecil dan sederhana. Virus terdiri dari materi genetik (RNA atau DNA) dan diselubungi lapisan protein yang disebut kapsid. Karena ukurannya yang sangat kecil dan tidak memiliki sel, virus tidak memiliki kemampuan metabolisme sendiri sehingga hanya bisa berkembang biak dengan menginfeksi sel inang, termasuk manusia.

Saat menginfeksi sel inang, virus akan menggandakan diri, menyebabkan kerusakan pada sel inang dan menyebabkan penyakit. Pada beberapa kasus infeksi virus dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya saat sistem kekebalan tubuh mengalahkan virus dan mengatasi infeksi. Namun, pada kondisi lain, pasien membutuhkan obat antivirus untuk memperlambat replikasi virus dan perkembangan penyakit serta mencegah virus ditularkan pada orang lain.

 

 

Apa Itu Obat Antivirus?

Obat antivirus adalah jenis obat yang dirancang khusus untuk membantu tubuh dalam melawan infeksi virus tertentu dan menghambat replikasi virus tersebut di tubuh. Penggunaan obat antivirus tidak bisa sembarangan. Obat ini harus disesuaikan dengan jenis virus yang dihadapi dan kondisi kesehatan pasien saat itu.

Obat antivirus memiliki cara kerja tersendiri untuk bisa mengobati penyakit virus tertentu. Antivirus biasanya baru diberikan untuk mengobati penyakit infeksi kronis atau yang berpotensi membahayakan nyawa, seperti:

  • COVID-19
  • Ebola
  • Flu, termasuk H1N1 (flu babi)
  • Influenza A dan B
  • Cacar air
  • Herpes zoster
  • Herpes kelamin
  • Hepatitis B dan hepatitis C
  • HIV

Pada penyakit seperti flu dan ebola, antivirus bisa membantu tubuh untuk melawan virus, meringankan gejala dan memperpendek masa sakit pasiennya. Sementara itu, pada penyakit yang bersifat kronis atau jangka panjang seperti HIV dan hepatitis B, antivirus tidak bisa menghilangkan virus sepenuhnya di tubuh. Namun, antivirus bisa membuat virus menjadi laten atau tidak aktif dan memperkecil jumlahnya sehingga Anda dengan penyakit ini menjadi tidak bergejala atau hanya memiliki sedikit gejala.

Anda mungkin pernah mendengar obat-obat di bawah ini sebelumnya, obat-obat ini adalah contoh dari antivirus, yaitu:

  • Oseltamivir
  • Zanamivir
  • Acyclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Lamivudine
  • Sofosbuvir
  • Ribavirin

Baca Juga: Jenis Virus yang Dapat Menyebabkan Peradangan pada Otot Jantung (Miokarditis)

 

Cara Kerja Obat Antivirus

Obat antivirus bekerja secara berbeda, tergantung pada jenis obat dan jenis virus yang ditargetkan. Berikut adalah beberapa mekanisme umum cara kerja obat antivirus:

Pencegahan pengikatan virus

Sebagian obat antivirus bekerja dengan menghambat reseptor, agar virus tidak bisa memasuki sel inang yang sehat dan tidak bereplikasi di dalamnya. Beberapa obat antivirus memperdaya virus agar virus melekat pada obat dan bukan pada sel inang. Pada akhirnya, virus tidak akan bereplikasi dan mati.

Menstimulasi sistem kekebalan tubuh

Ada antivirus yang bekerja dengan merangsang mekanisme pertahanan tubuh atau memperkuat sel kekebalan tubuh agar dapat melawan virus. 

Baca Juga: Disebabkan Virus yang Sama, Ini Bedanya Cacar Air dan Cacar Ular

Mengganggu replikasi virus

Sebagian obat antivirus dapat menghambat atau mengganggu proses replikasi virus. Proses replikasi virus adalah langkah-langkah yang diperlukan oleh virus untuk menggandakan diri dalam sel inang yang sehat. Dengan menghambat proses ini, obat antivirus dapat membantu mengendalikan penyebaran virus dalam tubuh. Efeknya, tingkat infeksi dan keparahan gejala akan berkurang dan diharapkan bisa mempercepat penyembuhan.

Mengurangi viral load

Beberapa obat antivirus bekerja dengan mengurangi viral load, yaitu jumlah virus yang aktif dalam tubuh dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Dengan mengurangi viral load, maka risiko penularan virus kepada orang lain bisa turun secara signifikan.

 

Untuk memaksimalkan efektivitas obat, beberapa obat antivirus harus diminum dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Misalnya, antivirus untuk flu seperti oseltamivir dan zanamivir bekerja paling efektif bila diminum dalam waktu 48 jam dari waktu mulainya gejala. Namun, antivirus masih bisa mencegah komplikasi penyakit walaupun diminum ketika gejala penyakit sudah muncul lebih dari 48 jam.

Manfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store terkait dengan konsumsi obat antivirus atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Selasa, 17 Oktober 2023 | 08:25

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Antivirals. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/21531-antivirals 

Rachael Troughton (2021). What to know about antiviral drugs and products. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antiviral 

Medline Plus (2023). Viral Infections. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/viralinfections.html 

CDC (2022). What You Should Know About Flu Antiviral Drugs. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/whatyoushould.htm 

WebMD (2022). Flu Treatment With Antiviral Drugs. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/flu-medications 

Drugs.com. Antiviral agents. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antiviral-agents.html 

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.19msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6343 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6343
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.07msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2483 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2483
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8675
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9694
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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