Mengenal Apa Itu Vaksin mRNA Covid-19

Mengenal Apa Itu Vaksin mRNA Covid-19

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Vaksinasi adalah cara sederhana, aman, dan efektif untuk melindungi tubuh manusia dari penyakit berbahaya sebelum terpapar penyakit tersebut. Menurut WHO, vaksin memanfaatkan pertahanan alami tubuh untuk membangun ketahanan terhadap infeksi tertentu dan membuat sistem kekebalan menjadi lebih kuat.

Vaksin bekerja dengan melatih sistem kekebalan untuk membuat antibodi, sama seperti ketika terpapar penyakit. Dilansir HHS, ada beberapa jenis vaksin berdasarkan sifatnya:

  • Inactivated vaccines
  • Live-attenuated vaccines
  • mRNA vaccines
  • Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, dan conjugate vaccines
  • Toxoid vaccines
  • Viral vector vaccines

Menurut Cleveland Clinic, vaksin mRNA bekerja dengan cara memicu sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk memproduksi antibodi, sehingga dapat memerangi bakteri atau virus penyebab penyakit. Vaksin Covid-19 yang diproduksi Pfizer misalnya, jenis vaksin mRNA yang aman dan efektif untuk mencegah komplikasi penyakit. Di saat yang sama, vaksin ini memproduksi antibodi yang seolah-olah seperti sudah terinfeksi Covid-19. Vaksin mRNA ini menurunkan risiko penyakit yang mengancam jiwa.

Vaksin mRNA ini sendiri bukan pertama kalinya diterapkan pada vaksin Covid-19. Lebih dari 30 tahun, para ilmuwan sukses mencegah risiko penyakit dengan membuat jenis vaksin mRNA seperti:

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Influenza (flu)
  • Rabies
  • Virus Zika

Cara kerja vaksin mRNA Covid-19 

Dilansir dari CDC, berikut cara kerja vaksin mRNA Covid-19, antara lain:

Pertama, ketika vaksin mRNA diberikan, maka vaksin akan masuk ke dalam sel otot dan memerintahkan sel-sel lain memproduksi protein yang mirip dengan bagian tidak berbahaya dari virus Covid-19. Setelah protein dibuat, sel-sel di tubuh memecah mRNA dan mengeluarkannya.

Kedua, sel-sel tubuh menampilkan potongan protein, kemudian sistem kekebalan tubuh akan mengakui bahwa protein tersebut bukanlah bagian dari tubuh. Hal inilah yang kemudian memicu sistem kekebalan tubuh memproduksi antibodi dan mengaktifkan sel kekebalan untuk melawan infeksi virus seperti saat virus Covid-19 menyerang.

Pada proses akhir, tubuh akan belajar bagaimana melawan infeksi virus Covid-19 jika di masa depan nanti virus itu masuk ke dalam tubuh.

Risiko dan efek samping vaksin mRNA

Vaksin mRNA tidak akan cukup efektif melindungi mereka yang memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemak, memiliki riwayat penyakit kanker atau yang memiliki alergi terhadap bahan vaksin mRNA.

Vaksin mRNA Covid-19 cukup efektif menurunkan 90% risiko infeksi Covid-19, pun demikian ada beberapa laporan efek atau reaksi alergi yang pernah terjadi seperti dilansir Cleveland Clinic berikut:

  • Pusing
  • Sesak napas
  • Pembengkakan pada wajah dan tenggorokan, yang menjadi pertanda anaphylaxis
  • Ruam kemerahan, bentol-bentol dan rasa gatal
  • Pada kasus yang langka, dilaporkan juga kondisi miokarditis (peradangan pada otot jantung) atau perikarditis (peradangan pada selaput jantung.

Ketika dosis kedua diberikan, efek samping yang mungkin muncul adalah:

  • Nyeri, pembengkakan, serta kemerahan setelah vaksin
  • Menggigil
  • Kelelahan
  • Demam
  • Sakit kepala
  • Nyeri otot dan nyeri sendi
  • Mual, muntah dan diare
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening

Jika efek samping yang dirasakan tidak membaik setelah Anda mengonsumsi obat pereda nyeri atau pereda demam, menyebabkan Anda kesulitan bernapas, jantung berdebar kencang, atau adanya reaksi alergi seperti pembengkakan pada wajah, tenggorokan, sesak napas dan kemerahan, maka sebaiknya Anda mencari pertolongan medis segera.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 00:00

Cleveland Clinic. mRNA Vaccines (2021). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21898-mrna-vaccines.

CDC. Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines (2021). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html.

HHS. Vaccine Type (2021). Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html.

 

WHO. Vaccines and immunization: What is vaccination? (2020). Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/vaccines-and-immunization-what-is-vaccination.

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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