5 Jenis Penyakit yang Disebabkan Oleh Polusi Udara

5 Jenis Penyakit yang Disebabkan Oleh Polusi Udara
Credits: Freepik. Ilustrasi orang menggunakan masker untuk mencegah polusi udara

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Polusi udara adalah kontaminasi lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh agen kimia, fisik maupun biologis yang mengubah karakteristik alami atmosfer. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, polusi udara disebabkan oleh kendaraan bermotor, industri pabrik, asap rokok, alat pembakaran rumah tangga dan juga kebakaran hutan.

Polusi udara baik di luar maupun di dalam ruangan dapat menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan yang menurut data WHO telah membunuh sekitar tujuh juta orang di seluruh dunia setiap tahunnya.

Berikut adalah sebagian dari penyakit yang disebabkan oleh polusi udara:

Asma

Asma adalah suatu kondisi di mana saluran udara Anda mengalami penyempitan dan pembengkakan yang kemudian menghasilkan lendir ekstra. Kondisi ini menyebabkan Anda sulit bernapas, memicu batuk dan suara seperti siulan (mengi) saat menarik napas.

Asma adalah penyakit yang tidak bisa disembuhkan, dan pengobatan serta perawatan hanya dilakukan untuk meringankan gejalanya. Ada kalanya asma dapat mengganggu aktivitas sehari-hari dan menyebabkan serangan yang mengancam jiwa.

Sekitar dua pertiga penderita asma menunjukkan bahwa kualitas udara yang buruk telah memperburuk asma yang diderita, dan meningkatkan risiko serangan asma. Polusi udara dapat dengan cepat mengiritasi saluran udara dan memicu gejala asma karena beberapa partikel polusi cukup kecil untuk masuk ke paru-paru.

Kanker Paru

Kanker paru adalah jenis kanker yang dimulai di paru-paru. Kanker ini berkembang ketika sel-sel di paru tumbuh di luar kendali.

Kanker paru termasuk penyumbang angka kematian terbesar di dunia. Banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa polusi partikel di udara luar yang  dihirup seperti asap rokok, asap kendaraan, asap industri, dan lain sebagainya dapat menyebabkan kanker paru. Polusi partikel meningkatkan risiko kematian dini, penyakit jantung, dan serangan asma yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan fungsi paru-paru.

Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK)

Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik atau disebut juga COPD adalah penyakit radang paru kronis yang menyebabkan aliran udara terhambat dari paru. Gejala yang muncul meliputi kesulitan bernapas, batuk, produksi lendir dan mengi.

PPOK atau COPD disebabkan oleh paparan jangka panjang terhadap gas atau partikel yang mengiritasi, yang paling sering diperoleh melalui paparan asap rokok. Orang yang menderita PPOK lebih berisiko terkena penyakit jantung, kanker paru dan berbagai kondisi lainnya.

Paparan polusi udara dapat mempersulit orang dengan PPOK untuk bernapas. Gejalanya dapat memburuk, menyebabkan rawat inap bahkan kematian.

Penyakit Kardiovaskular

Penyakit kardiovaskular adalah sekelompok penyakit yang memengaruhi jantung dan pembuluh darah di tubuh. Penyakit ini di antaranya seperti penyakit jantung, serangan jantung, stroke, gagal jantung, aritmia, gangguan katup jantung, dan lain sebagainya.

Menurut The American Heart Association, selain faktor risiko seperti tekanan darah tinggi, kolesterol tinggi dan kebiasaan merokok, paparan polusi udara juga merupakan salah satu faktor yang meningkatkan risiko kardiovaskular. Dalam sebuah jurnal medis The Lancet, yang dilakukan oleh Dr. Joel Kaufman, ditemukan bahwa paparan jangka panjang terhadap partikel dan nitrogen oksida pada tingkat yang mendekati Standar Kualitas Udara Ambient Nasional (NAAQS) dapat menyebabkan penuaan dini pada pembuluh darah dan berkontribusi terhadap penumpukan kalsium yang lebih cepat di arteri koroner.

Penumpukan kalsium ini dapat membatasi aliran darah ke jantung dan pembuluh darah utama lain, yang juga meningkatkan kemungkinan kondisi kardiovaskular seperti serangan jantung dan stroke.

Bronkiolitis

Bronkiolitis adalah peradangan dan kemacetan di saluran udara kecil (bronkiolus) paru, yang kerap dialami anak-anak dan bayi. Umumnya bronkiolitis disebabkan oleh virus, di mana gejalanya dimulai mirip seperti flu biasa. Gejala bronkiolitis kemudian berkembang menjadi batuk, mengi dan terkadang kesulitan bernapas yang dapat berlangsung selama beberapa hari hingga berminggu-minggu.

Paparan asap polusi dapat menyebabkan gejala bronkiolitis berkembang menjadi semakin buruk. Anda perlu membawa anak ke dokter apabila suara pernapasannya terdengar seperti siulan (mengi), pernapasan cepat, anak menolak makan, kulitnya berubah menjadi kebiruan.

 

Masalah polusi udara telah menjadi pekerjaan rumah setiap negara, termasuk Indonesia. Paparan polusi bahkan dikatakan dapat menghambat perkembangan paru anak-anak yang sedang tumbuh dan membahayakan kesehatan mereka. Untuk itu, hal ini merupakan tugas kita untuk berusaha membantu mengurangi polusi udara dengan memulainya di lingkungan tempat tinggal.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 02:06

WHO. Air Pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1

Asthma+Lung UK (2020). Air pollution and asthma. Available from: https://www.asthma.org.uk/advice/triggers/pollution/

Mayo Clinic (2022). Asthma. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653

American Cancer Society (2019). What Is Lung Cancer?. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/what-is.html

American Lungs Association (2016). The Connection between Lung Cancer and Outdoor Air Pollution. Available from: https://www.lung.org/blog/lung-cancer-and-pollution

Mayo Clinic (2020). COPD. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/syc-20353679

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Linking Air Pollution and Heart Disease. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/linking-air-pollution-and-heart-disease

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Cardiovascular Disease. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease

American Heart Association (2017). What is Cardiovascular Disease?. Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

 

Mayo Clinic (2020). Bronchiolitis. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchiolitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351565

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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