Mengenal Apa itu Amniocentesis dan Risikonya

Mengenal Apa itu Amniocentesis dan Risikonya
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Air ketuban adalah cairan yang ada di dalam kantung ketuban yang terbentuk sekitar 12 hari setelah hamil. Sebagian besar air ketuban berasal dari tubuh ibu. Setelah sekitar 20 minggu kehamilan, cairan ketuban sebagian besar berasal dari urine janin.

Cairan ketuban mengandung nutrisi, hormon, dan antibodi. Cairan ini tidak hanya melindungi janin, namun juga bisa digunakan untuk membantu mengenali kecacatan genetik atau adanya masalah kromosom karena mengandung informasi genetik janin.

 

Apa itu Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis adalah prosedur pemeriksaan prenatal yang dilakukan untuk mendiagnosis kondisi kromosom atau kondisi genetik tertentu. Prosedur ini biasanya dilakukan selama trimester kedua atau ketiga kehamilan.

Untuk dapat melakukan prosedur amniocentesis, cairan ketuban akan diambil sedikit dengan menggunakan jarum tipis dari kantung ketuban. Sampel cairan ketuban kemudian akan diuji di laboratorium.

 

Baca Juga: Ketahui Gangguan pada Air Ketuban dan Bahayanya Bagi Ibu dan Bayi

 

Manfaat Tes Amniocentesis

Tes amniocentesis memiliki beberapa manfaat, di antaranya:

  • Untuk mendeteksi adanya kelainan kromosom seperti sindrom Down
  • Mendeteksi adanya kecacatan tabung saraf
  • Menguji kematangan paru-paru janin jika janin harus dilahirkan di usia belum cukup bulan seperti 32-36 minggu kehamilan
  • Menguji adanya infeksi janin
  • Menilai kadar hemoglobin janin saat ibu peka terhadap sel darah merah janin
  • Untuk mengurangi cairan ketuban berlebihan atau yang disebut polihidramnion. Penumpukan cairan ketuban berlebihan berisiko menyebabkan sesak napas, persalinan prematur, abrupsi plasenta, prolaps tali pusat, kelahiran mati (stillbirth), perdarahan hebat dan juga meningkatkan risiko persalinan sesar

 

Baca Juga: Tanda-Tanda Ketuban Pecah dan Bahayanya Bila Pecah Terlalu Dini

 

Risiko Tes Amniocentesis

Secara umum tes amniocentesis termasuk prosedur yang aman dilakukan. Namun, tes ini memiliki beberapa risiko baik bagi ibu maupun janin di antaranya sebagai berikut:

 

Risiko kebocoran cairan ketuban

Bocornya cairan ketuban menjadi salah satu risiko yang mungkin terjadi selama tes amniocentesis. Risiko ini relatif jarang terjadi, namun bisa dialami apabila:

  • Cairan ketuban terlalu rendah
  • Posisi jarum tidak tepat
  • Adanya kelainan struktural pada rahim atau serviks

 

Risiko keguguran

Risiko keguguran akibat amniocentesis lebih tinggi bila prosedur dilakukan sebelum usia 15 minggu kehamilan. tidak diketahui pasti mengapa amniocentesis dapat menyebabkan keguguran. Namun, faktor-faktor seperti perubahan hormon, infeksi, perdarahan, kerusakan kantung ketuban atau teknik pengambilan sampel diduga lebih sulit dilakukan di tahap awal kehamilan.

Sebagian keguguran terjadi tiga hari setelah tes dilakukan, namun pada beberapa kasus mungkin terjadi setelah dua minggu kemudian.

 

Cedera tusukan jarum

Risiko cedera tusukan jarum pada janin mungkin terjadi selama prosedur dilakukan, namun termasuk jarang ditemukan.

 

Isoimunisasi Rh

Tes amniocentesis tidak secara langsung menyebabkan isoimunisasi Rh pada ibu hamil. Namun jika ibu hamil yang memiliki faktor Rh negatif (Rh-) menjalani tes amniocentesis dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa janin memiliki faktor Rh positif (Rh+), ada risiko isoimunisasi Rh terjadi selama prosedur.

Isoimunisasi Rh terjadi ketika darah janin yang Rh+ masuk ke dalam aliran darah ibu Rh- dan menyebabkan produksi antibodi Rh positif dalam sistem kekebalan ibu. Untuk mencegah isoimunisasi Rh, ibu hamil dengan faktor Rh negatif biasanya diberikan suntikan profilaksis imunoglobulin anti-D (RhoGAM) setelah tes amniocentesis atau setiap kali ada kemungkinan kontak antara darah janin dan darah ibu.

 

Infeksi

Tes amniocentesis meningkatkan risiko infeksi yang ditularkan ibu ke janin seperti infeksi hepatitis C, HIV atau toksoplasmosis.

 

Tidak semua ibu hamil perlu menjalani tes amniocentesis. Bicarakan dengan dokter melalui aplikasi Ai Care, apakah Anda membutuhkan tes amniocentesis selama kehamilan dan bagaimana prosedur dilakukan.

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Selasa, 6 Juni 2023 | 01:58

Dr. Liji Thomas, MD (2019). What is an Amniocentesis?. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-an-Amniocentesis.aspx 

March of Dimes (2020). Amniotic fluid. Available from: https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/amniotic-fluid 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Amniocentesis. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4206-genetic-amniocentesis 

Mayo Clinic (2023). Polyhydramnios. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/symptoms-causes/syc-20368493 

NHS UK (2022). Amniocentesis. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/amniocentesis/risks 

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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