Bahaya Perkawinan Anak, Rentan dengan Kekerasan

Bahaya Perkawinan Anak, Rentan dengan Kekerasan
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Perkawinan di kalangan remaja masih menjadi masalah sosial yang banyak dijumpai di daerah. Sebuah pernikahan dikategorikan sebagai perkawinan anak jika salah satu atau kedua mempelai menikah saat berusia kurang dari 18 tahun.

Menurut data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) yang diselenggarakan BPS, pernikahan anak di Indonesia sebenarnya telah menurun dalam 1 dekade terakhir. Dalam kurun antara tahun 2008 hingga 2018, terdapat penurunan sebesar 1,04% pada pernikahan remaja di bawah usia 15 tahun, dan 3,5% pada pernikahan remaja di bawah usia 18 tahun. Namun angka tersebut masih belum sesuai dengan target yang diharapkan.

Bahaya mengenai pernikahan dini bukan hanya berpengaruh pada kesehatan fisik namun juga pada faktor lainnya seperti kesehatan mental dan kondisi sosial ekonomi.

Dari segi kesehatan fisik, perkawinan anak rentan dengan kehamilan yang berisiko membahayakan ibu dan janin. Perkawinan anak juga menyebabkan anak-anak putus sekolah sehingga mereka kehilangan kesempatan untuk mengembangkan potensi di masa depan. Tak hanya itu, pernikahan dini juga rentan dengan risiko kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami para remaja.

 

Perkawinan Anak dan Risiko Kekerasan

Sejumlah penelitian mengungkapkan keterkaitan antara pernikahan dengan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) dan perceraian. Dalam penelitian tersebut, korban kekerasan paling banyak adalah remaja perempuan karena mengalami kekerasan baik fisik maupun seksual. Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan AIPJ2 (Australia Indonesia Partnership for Justice Phase 2) di tahun 2019 mengungkapkan bahwa 24% kasus perceraian dialami oleh perempuan yang menikah saat berusia di bawah 18 tahun.

Dalam penelitian lain yang dilakukan International Center for Research on Women juga menyebutkan bahwa perempuan yang menikah di bawah 18 tahun berisiko mengalami kekerasan fisik dalam rumah tangga seperti dipukul, ditampar dan diancam. Selain itu, mereka juga memiliki risiko mengalami kekerasan seksual sehingga menyebabkan masalah kesehatan fisik dan trauma.

Tradisi pernikahan dini ini umumnya lahir karena ketidaksetaraan gender yang masih mengakar. Secara global, prevalensi pernikahan dini antara laki-laki sekitar satu berbanding enam dari perempuan.

Dan berdasarkan fakta yang terjadi saat ini, pernikahan dini justru meningkatkan risiko kekerasan seksual dalam pernikahan. Angka kekerasan ini semakin meningkat pada pernikahan dimana perbedaan usia pasangan cukup jauh.

Dilansir dari Medicine Net, dampak dari kekerasan rumah tangga pada pernikahan antara lain:

  • Tertular penyakit seksual
  • Kehamilan di usia dini rentan dengan keguguran dan kelahiran prematur
  • Menimbulkan trauma yang memicu depresi pasca persalinan
  • Kesulitan membesarkan dan merawat anak
  • Rentan mengalami gangguan kecemasan dan penyalahgunaan obat-obatan terlarang

Tidak ada hal spesifik yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Kekerasan dapat disebabkan karena berbagai faktor seperti kesulitan ekonomi, kemiskinan, pengangguran, seringnya bertengkar dengan pasangan, hingga faktor lainnya seperti penggunaan alkohol dan narkotika.

 

Bisakah Perkawinan Anak Dicegah?

Dalam dokumen Strategi Nasional Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak (Stranas PPA) yang dirilis Bappenas disebutkan bahwa upaya pencegahan pernikahan dini perlu kerja sama berbagai lapisan masyarakat. Pemerintah saat ini telah menetapkan aturan usia minimal pernikahan 19 tahun untuk pria dan wanita. Aturan ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi kasus perkawinan anak terutama di daerah.

Selain itu, upaya pencegahan pernikahan dini juga dapat dilakukan dalam lingkup keluarga dan masyarakat yaitu dengan cara: 

  • Meningkatkan kesadaran dan pemahaman anak mengenai hak kesehatan reporduksi dan seksual
  • Meningkatkan partisipasi anak dalam pencegahan perkawinan anak.
  • Mengedukasi anak tentang bahaya perkawinan anak dari segi fisik, mental, sosial dan ekonomi
  • Mengubah cara pandang orang tua dan masyarakat mengenai tradisi perkawinan anak


Pernikahan dini rentan berujung pada kekerasan fisik dan gangguan psikologis pada anak. Untuk memutus siklus pernikahan anak, perlu kerja sama dari berbagai elemen masyarakat dan pemerintah. Dengan dukungan dari berbagai pihak, diharapkan angka perkawinan anak dapat berkurang sehingga anak dapat meraih potensi maksimalnya. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 10:53

ICRW. Child Marriage and Domestic Violence. Available from: https://www.icrw.org/files/images/Child-Marriage-Fact-Sheet-Domestic-Violence.pdf

UNICEF. Child Marriage. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional. (2020). National Strategy on Child Marriage Prevention. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2020-06/National-Strategy-on-Child-Marriage-Prevention-2020.pdf

Gillette, H. (2021). What Causes Domestic Violence?. Available from: https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-causes-domestic-violence

Dryden-Edwards, R. (2022). Domestic Violence. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/domestic_violence/article.htm

Qamar M, Harris MA, Tustin JL. The Association Between Child Marriage and Domestic Violence in Afghanistan. J Interpers Violence. 2022 Mar;37(5-6):2948-2961. doi: 10.1177/0886260520951310. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PMID: 32859141.

Kidman, R. Child marriage and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of 34 countries, International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 46, Issue 2, April 2017, Pages 662–675, https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw225

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8121 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.78msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5869 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9980
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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