Kenali Gejala dan Penyebab Penyakit Lyme (Lyme Disease)

Kenali Gejala dan Penyebab Penyakit Lyme (Lyme Disease)
Ilustrasi penyakit lyme. Credit: Freepik

Bagikan :


Penyakit lyme (lyme disease) adalah penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri yang menyebar melalui gigitan kutu. Penyakit ini jarang dijumpai di Indonesia, namun bisa saja Anda terinfeksi penyakit ini ketika bepergian ke luar negeri. Jika Anda terinfeksi Lyme disease sebaiknya segera cari pertolongan ke dokter karena infeksi yang tidak ditangani dengan tepat dapat memicu komplikasi organ. 

 

Apa Itu Penyakit Lyme?

Penyakit lyme (lyme disease) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Borrelia burgdorferi. Penyakit ini bisa menular melalui gigitan kutu rusa (black-legged tick) yang terinfeksi bakteri tersebut. Jenis penyakit ini cukup banyak dijumpai di Amerika Serikat, Kanada dan Eropa, namun jarang dijumpai di Indonesia.

Anda memiliki risiko tinggi terinfeksi penyakit lyme jika tinggal atau banyak menghabiskan waktu di tempat tinggal kutu seperti area berumput, semak dan hutan. Apabila Anda tinggal di tempat tersebut, sebaiknya lakukan pencegahan agar tidak terinfeksi penyakit tersebut.

Penyakit lyme berkembang dalam tiga tahapan, yaitu:

  • Lokalisasi awal, beberapa waktu setelah gigitan hingga beberapa hari atau minggu dimana infeksi belum menyebar ke seluruh tubuh.
  • Diseminasi awal, yaitu ketika bakteri mulai menyebar ke seluruh tubuh. Ini dapat berkembang pada bulan 1-4 sejak terinfeksi
  • Diseminasi akhir, yaitu ketika penyakit lyme tidak ditangani dengan tepat sehingga penyakit lyme membuat kondisi tubuh memburuk dan memicu terjadinya peradangan sendi, penurunan daya tahan tubuh, dan masalah jantung.

Baca Juga: Jenis Bakteri yang Paling Sering Menyebabkan Keracunan Makanan

 

Gejala Penyakit Lyme

Salah satu gejala yang mudah ditandai dari penyakit lyme adalah munculnya ruam kemerahan pada kulit. Ruam penyakit lyme dikenal dengan istilah erythema migraines yang ditandai dengan munculnya bintik ruam kemerahan pada lokasi gigitan kutu. Ruam ini muncul sekitar 1-4 minggu setelah terjadi gigitan.

Bintik kemerahan tersebut meluas selama beberapa hari atau minggu, membentuk ruam lingkaran, segitiga atau oval. Ruam juga dapat terlihat seperti cincin merah yang mengelilingi area tengah yang bening. Ukuran ruam dapat berkisar dari seukuran koin hingga melebar selebar punggung. Ketika infeksi menyebar, beberapa ruam dapat muncul di berbagai tempat di tubuh pasien.

Selain muncul ruam, gejala penyakit lyme lainnya adalah:

  • Demam
  • Sakit kepala
  • Leher kaku
  • Sakit dan nyeri di persendian dan badan
  • Badan mudah lelah
  • Kelenjar bening membengkak

Ketika penyakit lyme berkembang pada tahapan kedua, gejala yang dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Beberapa area ruam
  • Kelumpuhan otot wajah
  • Gangguan sistem kelistrikan jantung
  • Mati rasa

Jika penyakit lyme terus berkembang dan tidak diobati sejak beberapa bulan hingga satu tahun setelah infeksi, gejala penyakit dapat berkembang semakin parah seperti:

  • Episode berulang dari sendi bengkak (radang sendi), infeksi menyerang sendi besar seperti lutut
  • Brain fog atau kesulitan berkonsentrasi, pertanda infeksi bakteri menyebabkan kerusakan otak
  • Kerusakan saraf di seluruh tubuh termasuk kulit, otot, dan organ (polineuropati)

Baca Juga: Seperti Inilah Ciri-Ciri Gigitan Kutu Hewan

 

Apakah Penyakit Lyme Mematikan?

Penyakit lyme tidak bersifat mematikan. Sebagian besar pasien yang terkena penyakit lyme dan mendapat pengobatan dini dapat pulih dari penyakit tersebut. Pengobatan dapat menyembuhkan penyakit lyme namun pasien masih mungkin mengalami beberapa efek jangka panjang yang dikenal dengan kondisi post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.

Meski penyakit lyme tidak mematikan dan memiliki angka kematian rendah, namun penyakit lyme yang tidak ditangani dengan baik dapat menyebabkan komplikasi serius. Salah satu komplikasi penyakit lyme adalah lyme carditis yang mengganggu fungsi jantung sehingga berakibat fatal.

 

Penyakit lyme dapat menular melalui gigitan kutu (tick). Jika Anda berencana pergi ke area berumput, semak atau hutan, gunakan pakaian berlengan panjang dan celana panjang untuk mencegah gigitan kutu. Jika setelah bepergian Anda merasakan gejala penyakit lyme, segera konsultasi ke dokter, Anda juga dapat menfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care yang bisa diunduh di Play Store atau App Store. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 24 Juni 2024 | 04:23

CDC. Lyme Disease. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html#

Mayo Clinic. Lyme Disease. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lyme-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20374651

NHS. Lyme Disease. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lyme-disease/

Cleveland Clinic. Lyme Disease. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11586-lyme-disease

Veazey, K. (2023). Can Lyme disease be fatal?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/can-you-die-from-lyme-disease#

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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