Berbahayakah Bila Saat Dilahirkan Berat Badan Bayi Lebih dari 4 Kilo?

Berbahayakah Bila Saat Dilahirkan Berat Badan Bayi Lebih dari 4 Kilo?
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Ketika bayi dilahirkan, dokter akan langsung mengukur panjang, berat badan dan lingkar kepalanya. Apabila semua ukuran berada dalam skala normal, maka mengindikasikan bahwa secara umum bayi yang Anda lahirkan sehat. Bayi yang dilahirkan dengan berat badan di bawah 2,5 kg dikategorikan sebagai berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR), yang umumnya membutuhkan perawatan tambahan untuk mencegah adanya komplikasi. Bagaimana bila bayi lahir dengan berat badan berlebih?

 

Berat Badan Normal Bayi Baru Lahir

Sebagian besar bayi yang lahir antara 37-40 minggu kehamilan, normalnya memiliki berat lahir antara 2.500 gram hingga 4.000 gram. Bayi yang memiliki berat di bawah 2.500 dikategorikan sebagai bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah, sedangkan bayi yang memiliki berat badan lahir di atas 4.000 gram dikategorikan sebagai makrosomia.

Terlepas dari usia kehamilannya, bayi yang lahir dengan berat badan lahir 4 kilogram memiliki kondisi yang disebut makrosomia, risiko kesehatan akan semakin meningkat bila bayi lahir dengan berat badan lebih dari 4.500 gram.

Makrosomia dapat mempersulit persalinan pervaginam dan meningkatkan risiko cedera saat lahir serta masalah kesehatan setelah dilahirkan.

 

Apa itu Makrosomia?

Makrosomia adalah kondisi di mana berat badan bayi berada di atas 10% dari tahap kehamilan. Kondisi ini menyebabkan proses persalinan yang sulit dengan lebih banyak risiko robekan vagina dan masalah saat mendorong bayi keluar.

Makrosomia umumnya ditandai dengan ukuran fundus uteri yang besar dan juga kelebihan cairan ketuban.

 

Penyebab Makrosomia

Secara umum ada beberapa faktor yang meningkatkan risiko makrosomia, beberapa bisa dicegah namun sebagian lain tidak, penyebab tersebut di antaranya:

  • Pernah atau mengalami diabetes ibu, baik diabetes gestasional maupun diabetes yang sebelumnya sudah dialami oleh ibu
  • Pernah mengalami makrosomia di kehamilan sebelumnya
  • Obesitas maternal yang dialami ibu
  • Peningkatan badan berlebihan yang dialami selama kehamilan
  • Memngandung anak berjenis kelamin laki-laki
  • Kehamilan lebih dari 40 minggu
  • Usia ibu, di mana kehamilan di atas usia 35 tahun meningkatkan risiko makrosomia
  • Terlalu banyak mengonsumsi karbohidrat dengan indeks glikemik tinggi seperti roti tawar putih, gorengan, dan sebagainya

 

Apakah Makrosomia Berbahaya?

Jika bayi memiliki berat badan lahir rendah membawa risiko kesehatannya sendiri, demikian juga bila berat badan lahir bayi lebih dari 4 kilogram. Risiko makrosomia tidak hanya mengancam bayi namun juga ibu, di antaranya:

  • Robekan rahim

Jika pernah menjalani persalinan caesar, maka makrosomia meningkatkan risiko ruptur uteri, di mana rahim mengalami robek di sepanjang garis bekas luka.

  • Luka pada jalan lahir

Makrosomia juga dapat menyebabkan bayi melukai jalan lahir, merobek jaringan vagina dan otot-otot antara vagina dan anus (perineum).

  • Pendarahan pasca persalinan

Makrosomia meningkatkan risiko otot rahim tidak berkontraksi dengan baik (atonia uteri) yang menyebabkan pendarahan serius setelah melahirkan.

  • Terjepit di jalan lahir

Ketika berat badan janin di atas 4 kilogram maka ia akan berisiko terjepit di jalan lahir (distosia bahu) yang dapat menyebabkan cedera lahir atau dibutuhkannya forsep atau alat vakum selama persalinan pervaginam. Namun, jika alat tersebut tidak dapat membantu maka operasi caesar tetap diperlukan.

  • Komplikasi kesehatan pada bayi

Bayi yang dilahirkan dengan berat badan di atas 4 kilogram berisiko memiliki kadar gula darah lebih rendah daripada normal, peningkatan risiko obesitas dan adanya sindrom metabolisme seiring masa pertumbuhannya.

Untuk mencegah semua komplikasi dan kondisi di atas, sebaiknya bicarakan dengan dokter untuk membantu mengelola berat badan dan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan selama kehamilan. Selain itu Anda juga harus berhenti merokok, berhenti minum minuman beralkohol dan menjaga pola makan yang sehat.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 00:56

Pregnancy Birth&Baby. Having a large baby. Available from: https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/having-a-large-baby

Mayo Clinic (2022). Fetal macrosomia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579

Donna Murray, RN, BSN (2021). Macrosomia: Being Pregnant With a Large Baby. Available from: https://www.verywellfamily.com/macrosomia-overview-4580355

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Fetal Macrosomia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia

KidsHealth (2018). Your Newborn's Growth. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/grownewborn.html

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.58msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2107 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.88msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3044 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 3044
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.63msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1393 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 8500
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10077 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 10077
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 10068
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 10005
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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