Kenali Penyebab Perdarahan Otak dan Gejalanya

Kenali Penyebab Perdarahan Otak dan Gejalanya
Ilustrasi perdarahan otak. Credit: Freepik

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Perdarahan otak merupakan perdarahan yang disebabkan oleh pecahnya pembuluh darah. Kondisi ini menyebabkan darah menggenang di antara otak dan tengkorak. Perdarahan otak merupakan kondisi darurat yang dapat menyebabkan kematian sehingga perlu penanganan cepat dan tepat.

 

Penyebab Perdarahan Otak

Perdarahan otak juga dikenal dengan istilah stroke hemoragik (jika disebabkan oleh stroke), perdarahan intrakranial atau perdarahan intraserebral. Perdarahan ini terjadi ketika pembuluh darah di otak tiba-tiba pecah atau bocor. Kondisi ini menyebabkan meningkatnya tekanan pada otak, sehingga sel-sel otak tidak mendapat cukup oksigen dan nutrisi untuk berfungsi optimal. Kurangnya asupan oksigen dan nutrisi pada otak kemudian menyebabkan kematian sel. 

Pendarahan otak merupakan kondisi darurat medis yang mengancam jiwa. Sel-sel otak dapat mengalami kematian hanya dalam hitungan waktu 3-4 menit jika tidak menerima cukup oksigen. Penanganan perdarahan otak dengan cepat dapat menghindari kelumpuhan dan kematian. 

Beberapa penyebab perdarahan otak antara lain:

  • Trauma di area kepala. Cedera merupakan penyebab perdarahan otak yang paling umum terjadi pada kelompok usia di bawah 50 tahun. Cedera bisa terjadi akibat kecelakaan saat olahraga atau ketika berkendara. 
  • Tekanan darah tinggi yang tidak terkontrol. Tekanan darah tinggi dalam waktu lama dan tidak terkendali dapat menyebabkan lemahnya dinding pembuluh darah dan meningkatkan risiko pecah sewaktu-waktu.  
  • Aneurisma, yaitu pembengkakan atau pelebaran pembuluh darah akibat melemahnya pembuluh darah. 
  • Kelainan pembuluh darah (malformasi arteriovenosa). Kondisi ini bisa bersifat bawaan sejak lahir dan mungkin tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda yang khas hingga Anda mengalami gejalanya.
  • Angiopati amiloid, yaitu kelainan pada dinding pembuluh darah yang dapat terjadi akibat penuaan dan tekanan darah tinggi. Kelainan ini dapat menyebabkan banyak pendarahan kecil yang tidak disadari sebelum menyebabkan pendarahan besar.
  • Gangguan darah atau pendarahan. Hemofilia dan anemia sel sabit dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar trombosit, sel darah yang menghentikan pendarahan dengan membentuk gumpalan.
  • Penyakit hati. Penyakit pada hati meningkatkan risiko perdarahan secara umum. 
  • Tumor otak. Penipisan dan kelainan bentuk pembuluh darah akibat tumbuhnya tumor dapat berisiko menyebabkan perdarahan otak.

Baca Juga: Pertolongan Pertama pada Stroke, Ini yang Harus Dilakukan

 

Faktor Risiko Perdarahan Otak

Meskipun umumnya dialami oleh orang dewasa di atas 65 tahun, namun perdarahan otak bisa menyerang siapa saja, baik usia anak-anak baru lahir maupun dewasa. Beberapa kondisi juga dapat meningkatkan risiko perdarahan otak antara lain: 

  • Tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi), terutama yang tidak terkontrol
  • Penyalahgunaan narkoba
  • Kebiasaan merokok atau penggunaan tembakau
  • Kondisi pendarahan atau kondisi yang memerlukan pengobatan dengan obat pengencer darah (antikoagulan)
  • Masalah pada kehamilan dan persalinan seperti eklamsia, vaskulopati pascapersalinan, atau perdarahan intraventrikular neonatal
  • Kondisi medis lainnya yang memengaruhi pembentukan dinding pembuluh darah

Baca Juga: 5 Kondisi Kesehatan yang Dapat Menyebabkan Perdarahan Otak

 

Gejala Perdarahan Otak

Gejala pendarahan otak bisa bermacam-macam, tergantung pada lokasi pendarahan, seberapa banyak pendarahannya, dan jumlah serta lokasi jaringan otak yang terdampak. Gejala perdarahan biasanya muncul secara tiba-tiba dan dapat memburuk seiring berjalannya waktu. 

Beberapa gejala umum perdarahan otak meliputi:

  • Sakit kepala parah yang tiba-tiba
  • Sensitivitas terhadap cahaya
  • Kejang tanpa riwayat kejang sebelumnya
  • Lengan atau kaki merasa lemah 
  • Mual atau muntah
  • Perubahan penglihatan (seperti penglihatan ganda atau kabur)
  • Kelopak mata terkulai
  • Leher kaku
  • Kesulitan bernapas
  • Detak jantung tidak normal
  • Kesemutan atau mati rasa
  • Kesulitan berbicara atau memahami orang lain
  • Kesulitan menelan
  • Kesulitan menulis atau membaca
  • Melemahnya kemampuan motorik halus 
  • Merasa pusing
  • Kehilangan keseimbangan
  • Pingsan

Sebagian besar gejala di atas juga dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi lainnya. Untuk mendapat penanganan yang sesuai sebaiknya segera periksakan ke ruang gawat darurat.

Semakin dini penanganan perdarahan otak, semakin tinggi peluang untuk pulih atau meminimalisir risiko kerusakan jaringan otak dan kelumpuhan. Bila memiliki pertanyaan seputar risiko stroke, Anda bisa berkonsultasi ke dokter atau manfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Jumat, 23 Agustus 2024 | 09:53

Wright, S., Booth, S. (2024). Brain Hemorrhage: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-hemorrhage-bleeding-causes-symptoms-treatments

Felman, A. (2019). What to know about brain hemorrhage. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317080

Cleveland Clinic. Brain Bleed, Hemorrhage (Intracranial Hemorrhage). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14480-brain-bleed-hemorrhage-intracranial-hemorrhage

Higuera, V. (2023). Hemorrhagic stroke: What to look for and how to prevent it. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317111

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2033 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.45msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6742 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.32msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10017 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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