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  • Benarkah Terapi Plasma Konvalesen Efektif untuk Pengobatan Covid-19?

Benarkah Terapi Plasma Konvalesen Efektif untuk Pengobatan Covid-19?

Benarkah Terapi Plasma Konvalesen Efektif untuk Pengobatan Covid-19?

Bagikan :


Terapi plasma konvalesen belakangan marak dibicarakan sebagai salah satu terapi yang diberikan pada pasien Covid-19. Terapi ini dianggap dapat membantu perbaikan pada pasien Covid-19. Bagaimana terapi plasma konvalesen dilakukan dan seberapa efektif bagi pasien Covid-19?

 

Mengenal terapi plasma konvalesen pada pasien Covid-19

Ada dua cara untuk membentuk kekebalan pada tubuh manusia yaitu dengan imunisasi aktif dan imunisasi pasif. Imunisasi aktif dilakukan dengan cara vaksinasi, yaitu menyuntikkan vaksin yang berisi virus yang dimatikan dengan harapan tubuh membentuk kekebalan terhadap penyakit tersebut.

Sedangkan imunisasi pasif adalah pemberian antibodi dari luar secara langsung agar sistem kekebalan tubuh tidak perlu membentuk antobodi sendiri. Beberapa contoh imunisasi pasif adalah ketika bayi mendapat antibodi ibu sejak di dalam kandungan, kemudian antibodi yang diberikan melalui ASI, dan salah satunya adalah terapi plasma konvalesen.

Pada pasien Covid-19, memberikan terapi plasma konvalesen pada pasien merupakan cara cepat bagi pasien untuk mendapatkan antibodi sehingga diharapkan dapat mengurangi risiko pasien mengalami perburukan.

 

Cara melakukan terapi plasma konvalesen

Dilansir dari laman Kemenkes, pemberian plasma konvalesen ini berdasar pada pemahaman bahwa ketika seorang penyintas menglami infeksi virus, dalam tubuhnya akan terbentuk antibodi setelah sembuh. Terapi plasma konvalesen dilakukan dengan memberikan plasma darah dari pasien yang sudah sembuh dari Covid-19 ke dalam tubuh pasien yang terinfeksi Covid-19. Namun tidak semua penyintas Covid-19 bisa menjadi donor plasma konvalesen. Beberapa syarat donor plasma konvalesen di antaranya:

  • Pernah terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 baik dari antigen maupun hasil swab PCR
  • Saat memberikan donor dalam kondisi sehat
  • Sudah terkonfirmasi negatif Covid-19 dan bebas gejala selama minimal 2 minggu
  • Laki-laki, atau perempuan yang belum pernah hamil
  • Berat badan minimal 55 kg
  • Berusia antara 18-60 tahun

Jika calon donor memenuhi syarat di atas akan dilakukan skrining kemudian pengambilan darah dengan metode apheresis. Proses donor plasma konvalesen umumnya memakan waktu 1 hingga 1,5 jam dengan efek samping salah satunya adalah kesemutan.

 

Benarkah terapi plasma konvalesen efektif bagi pasien Covid-19?

Dikutip dari laman Kemenkes, terapi plasma konvalesen bukan baru pertama kali ini digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit Covid-19. Sebelumnya, terapi ini telah digunakan untuk mengobati wabah flu babi, campak, rabies, ebola, SARS dan MERS.

Dilansir dari WebMD, pada awal pandemi Mayo Clinic melakukan pengamatan pada lebih dari 3000 pasien yang menerima transfusi darah dengan kandungan antibodi Covid-19 tinggi dan rendah. Hasilnya, pasien yang menerima darah dengan antibodi tinggi memiliki kondisi yang lebih baik dan tidak perlu menggunakan ventilator dibandingkan kondisi dari pasien yang menerima antibodi rendah.

Dalam sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan FDA AS dengan Mayo Clinic, pemberian plasma kovalesen dengan tingkat IgG spesifik yang lebih tinggi dapat menurunkan risiko kematian pada pasien yang didiagnosis Covid-19. Selain itu, dalam sebuah penelitan di Irak disebutkan bahwa pasien yang menerima plasma konvalesen menunjukkan masa infeksi yang lebih singkat dengan tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah.

Pemberian plasma konvalesen disarankan diberikan pada pasien di awal infeksi sebelum terjadinya peradangan pada organ dan sebelum intubasi untuk mencegah kerusakan jaringan lebih lanjut. Untuk itu disarankan pemberian plasma konvalesen dengan titer antibodi tinggi agar terapi plasma konvalesen lebih optimal.

Meskipun sejumlah penelitian menunjukkan titik terang bagi terapi Covid-19, namun hingga kini terapi plasma konvalesen masih membutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut agar bisa menjadi protokol baku pengobatan Covid-19. 

Perlu diketahui bahwa terapi plasma konvalesen hanya bersifat sebagai terapi tambahan dan bukan terapi utama yang diberikan pada pasien Covid-19. Terapi utama pada pasien Covid-19 di antaranya pemberian antivirus, antioksidan tinggi, dan oksigenasi pada pasien untuk membantu pernapasan dan mencegah kerusakan organ lebih lanjut. Hingga saat ini, para peneliti masih terus melakukan penelitian tentang karakteristik dan pengobatan Covid-19. 

 

Writer: Ratih 

Edited by: dr. Nadya Hambali

Last updated: 13-Juli-2021

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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8160
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8459
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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