Kenali Jenis Gangguan Belajar pada Anak dan Penanganannya

Kenali Jenis Gangguan Belajar pada Anak dan Penanganannya
Creditl: Freepik. Gangguan belajar berbeda dengan kesulitan belajar.

Bagikan :


Terkadang orang tua merasa geram ketika si kecil sulit menerima pelajaran termasuk sulit membaca dan berhitung. Jangan gegabah menyebut anak bodoh, bisa jadi si kecil mengalami gangguan belajar.

 

Apa Itu Gangguan Belajar pada Anak?

Setiap anak dilahirkan berbeda, beberapa anak terlahir cerdas dan mudah mempelajari hal baru, sementara sebagian anak kesulitan untuk mempelajari hal-hal baru. Ketika anak-anak mengalami kesulitan mempelajari satu kemampuan yang spesifik, hal ini bisa mengindikasikan anak mengalami gangguan belajar.

Dilansir dari CDC, gangguan belajar didefinisikan sebagai kesulitan yang dialami anak-anak dalam mempelajari satu atau lebih bidang pembelajaran. Hal ini tidak berkaitan dengan tingkat kecerdasan anak atau motivasi belajar anak.

Gangguan belajar berbeda dengan kesulitan belajar. Pada gangguan belajar, umumnya disebabkan oleh masalah saraf yang memengaruhi kemampuan anak untuk menerima, memproses dan mengolah informasi.

Sementara itu kesulitan belajar adalah kondisi dimana seseorang tidak dapat belajar dengan baik, biasanya berkaitan dengan sulit membaca, menulis dan berhitung.

Belum diketahui penyebab gangguan belajar pada anak, namun para ahli menduga hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti kondisi kesehatan ibu selama kehamilan, trauma atau infeksi pada anak, faktor genetik, dan trauma psikologi pada anak.

Baca Juga: Belajar Sambil Mendengarkan Musik, Benarkah Bisa Membantu Konsentrasi?

 

Jenis Gangguan Belajar pada Anak

Gangguan belajar pada anak biasanya dapat dikenali sejak anak berusia 5-6 tahun, atau sekitar 1-2 tahun di awal masa sekolahnya. Anak-anak yang mengalami gangguan belajar biasanya menunjukkan gejala seperti berikut:

  • Kesulitan mengenali pola atau menyortir barang berdasarkan ukuran atau bentuk
  • Kesulitan memahami dan mengikuti instruksi 
  • Kesulitan mengingat apa yang baru saja dikatakan atau apa yang baru saja dibaca
  • Kesulitan melakukan pekerjaan menggunakan tangan, seperti menulis, menggambar atau menggunting
  • Memiliki koordinasi yang tidak baik saat bergerak 

Beberapa jenis gangguan belajar yang dapat dialami anak-anak di antaranya disleksia, disgrafia dan diskalkulia.

Disleksia

Disleksia juga dikenal sebagai gangguan belajar dan membaca. Disleksia didefinisikan sebagai gangguan belajar yang melibatkan kesulitan membaca karena anak kesulitan mengidentifikasi suara ucapan dan mempelajari bagaimana mereka berhubungan dengan huruf dan kata.

Gejala disleksia sering kali baru tampak pada anak di usia sekolah, terutama ketika anak belajar membaca. Beberapa gejala awal disleksia yang perlu diwaspadai antara lain:

  • Terlambat berbicara
  • Mempelajari kata-kata baru secara perlahan
  • Masalah dalam membentuk kata dengan benar, seperti membalikkan bunyi dalam kata atau menyebutkan kata yang bunyinya mirip
  • Masalah mengingat atau menamai huruf, angka, dan warna
  • Kesulitan mempelajari lagu anak-anak atau memainkan permainan berima

Baca Juga: Anak Mengalami Disleksia, Ini yang Bisa Dilakukan Orang Tua

 

Disgrafia

Disgrafia adalah gangguan saraf yang menyebabkan seseorang mengalami kesulitan menuangkan pemikiran ke dalam bahasa tertulis sesuai dengan usia dan kemampuannya. Anak yang mengalami disgrafia biasanya sulit untuk merangkai kalimat, menulis paragraf, dan menggunakan tata bahasa yang benar. 

Anak yang memiliki riwayat keluarga disgrafia berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami kesulitan belajar ini. Kondisi ini juga banyak dialami oleh anak yang mengalami ADHD atau autis, namun disgrafia bukanlah salah satu bentuk autisme. 

Beberapa gejala disgrafia antara lain:

  • Kesulitan menulis dalam garis lurus
  • Kesulitan memegang dan mengendalikan alat tulis
  • Menulis huruf secara terbalik
  • Tidak mengetahui kapan harus menggunakan huruf kecil atau besar
  • Menghilangkan kata dari kalimat
  • Salah mengurutkan kata dalam kalimat
  • Menggunakan kata kerja dan kata ganti secara tidak tepat

 

Diskalkulia

Diskalkulia adalah gangguan belajar yang menyebabkan anak kesulitan memahami angka dan konsep matematika. Gejala diskalkulia dapat muncul sejak anak berusia 4 tahun yang ditandai dengan anak kesulitan mengenali dan mengurutkan angka, menghubungkan jumlah angka dengan benda, dan sulit mengenal uang.

 

Gangguan belajar tidak memengaruhi kecerdasan anak. Anak-anak yang mengalami gangguan belajar dapat diatasi dengan metode belajar yang sesuai dengan kondisi yang dialami. Dengan latihan yang tepat, anak-anak dapat mengatasi masalah gangguan belajar dan berkembang dengan optimal. 

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Jumat, 7 Juli 2023 | 06:52

CDC. Learning Disorders in Children. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/learning-disorder.html#

Mayo Clinic. Dyslexia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552

Mayo Clinic. Dyscalculia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23949-dyscalculia#

Mayo Clinic. Dysgraphia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23294-dysgraphia

Mayo Clinic. Learning disorders: Know the signs, how to help. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105

Raising Children. Learning difficulties and learning disorders: children and teenagers. Available from: https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/school-learning/learning-difficulties/learning-disabilities-signs-and-support

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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