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Waspada Penyakit Legionellosis, Inilah Gejala dan Penyebabnya

Waspada Penyakit Legionellosis, Inilah Gejala dan Penyebabnya
Credits: Freepik. L. pneumophila dapat menyebabkan infeksi paru.

Bagikan :


Legionellosis sebenarnya bukanlah penyakit yang baru. Penyakit ini pertama kali diungkapkan di Philadelphia, Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1976. Pada saat itu, penyakit Legionellosis menjadi wabah pertama yang melanda dunia dengan jumlah kasus 182 kasus dan 29 kematian.

Di Indonesia, Legionellosis pernah terjadi di Bali (tahun 1996), dan di Karawaci, Tangerang (tahun 1999) serta sejumlah kota lain.

 

Apa Penyebab Legionellosis?

Penyakit Legionellosis disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri yang bernama Legionella pneumophila. Bakteri ini merupakan spesies air tawar, yang dapat ditemukan di lingkungan berair alami. 

Namun, sistem air buatan dengan lingkungan yang kondusif untuk pertumbuhan bakteri, L. pneumophila dapat tumbuh dan menyebar. Bakteri ini dapat tumbuh pada air yang bersuhu 20-50 °C (suhu optimal 35 °C).  

Penularan bakteri Legionella pada manusia dapat terjadi melalui udara atau air minum yang terkontaminasi bakteri Legionella. Setelah terpapar, maka masa inkubasinya di dalam tubuh berkisar 1-10 hari.

 

Seperti Apa Penyakit Legionellosis?

Penyakit Legionellosis adalah jenis pneumonia (infeksi paru-paru), yang disebabkan saat menghirup bakteri Legionella. Infeksi ini dapat memengaruhi paru-paru, otak dan usus. Penyakit ini juga dapat menyebabkan demam Pontiac, yang memiliki gejala seperti flu.

Penyakit ini tidak menular melalui orang ke orang. Sebagian besar orang tertular ketika menghirup droplets mikroskopik yang berasal dari air kolam renang, air di dalam bathtub, AC, pemanas air, air mancur, atau air minum yang tidak dimasak terlebih dahulu.

 

Gejala Penyakit Legionellosis

Gejala penyakit legionellosis biasanya baru terlihat sekitar 2-10 hari setelah terpapar bakteri Legionella. Gejalanya berawal dari:

  • Sakit kepala
  • Nyeri otot
  • Demam sekitar 40 derajat atau lebih
  • Batuk disertai dahak atau terkadang darah
  • Sesak napas
  • Nyeri dada
  • Gangguan pencernaan seperti mual, muntah dan diare
  • Kebingungan

Walaupun legionellosis adalah penyakit yang menyerang paru-paru, namun infeksinya dapat memengaruhi organ lain seperti jantung. Penyakit ini dapat diobati dengan mengonsumsi antibiotik yang didapatkan melalui injeksi atau oral (obat minum).

Tanpa pengobatan penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan komplikasi yang mengancam jiwa seperti kegagalan pernapasan, gagal ginjal akut, ensefalopati, emfiema, peradangan di jantung dan juga rhabdomyolysis (kerusakan otot).

Cegah infeksi legionellosis dengan memperhatikan kebersihan alat pendingin ruangan, kolam renang, air di bathub, dan juga tangki air di rumah.

Jangan menunda memeriksakan diri apabila mengalami demam yang tidak kunjung turun walau sudah mengonsumsi penurun demam, mengalami demam disertai dengan sesak nafas, batuk berdahak disertai darah atau adanya gangguan saraf seperti gangguan keseimbangan, gangguan berbicara dan juga kebingungan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 23:30

WHO (2022). Legionellosis. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/legionellosis

CDC (2021). Legionella (Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/signs-symptoms.html

Mayo Clinic (2021). Legionnaires' disease. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351747

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Legionnaires' Disease. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17750-legionnaires-disease

 

Kemenkes RI (2003). Standar Pengelolaan Spesimen Legionella. Available from: KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA (kemkes.go.id)

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new680μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.63msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7749 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7749
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 2639
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8455
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9198
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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