Waspada Parotitis, Ini Penyebab dan Gejalanya

Waspada Parotitis, Ini Penyebab dan Gejalanya
Ilustrasi mencegah parotitis. Credits: Freepik

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Parotitis adalah peradangan pada kelenjar parotis, yaitu kelenjar air liur yang terletak di dekat telinga. Kelenjar ini sangat penting dalam produksi air liur yang membantu proses pencernaan.

Parotitis lebih sering dikenal sebagai gondongan. Infeksi ini bisa menyerang siapa saja yang memiliki daya tahan tubuh yang lemah atau belum mendapatkan vaksinasi MMR.

 

Apa itu Parotitis?

Parotitis adalah peradangan di kelenjar parotis (kelenjar air liur). Ketika infeksi terjadi, kelenjar ini akan mengalami pembengkakan sehingga menimbulkan rasa nyeri yang dapat terasa di salah satu sisi atau kedua wajah. 

Penyebab parotitis sangat beragam, di antaranya:

Infeksi virus

Penyebab paling umum parotitis adalah infeksi virus Paramoxyvirus. Virus ini menular melalui percikan air liur atau droplets dari orang yang terinfeksi. Infeksi ini dapat menyebabkan pembengkakan pada kelenjar parotis dan gejala lain termasuk demam, sakit kepala, kelelahan, dan kehilangan nafsu makan. 

Selain itu, parotitis juga dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi virus lain, seperti virus influenza, virus Coxsackie, atau COVID-19. 

Infeksi bakteri

Parititis juga bisa disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri pada kelenjar air liur. Bakteri yang sering menyebabkan parotitis yaitu bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, namun infeksi bakteri cukup jarang terjadi. Infeksi bakteri sering kali terjadi pada orang yang memiliki masalah kebersihan mulut.

Kondisi autoimun

Beberapa penyakit autoimun seperti sindrom Sjogren dapat menyebabkan parotitis kronis. Dalam kasus ini, sistem kekebalan tubuh menyerang kelenjar ludah dan menyebabkan peradangan berkepanjangan.

Penyumbatan pada kelenjar ludah

Penyumbatan pada kelenjar air liur atau adanya tumor bisa menyebabkan infeksi kelenjar parotis yang kemudian bisa berkembang menjadi parotitis. Sumbatan ini biasanya disebabkan oleh batu kelenjar air liur (sialolithiasis) atau pembengkakan, yang mengganggu aliran air liur dan meningkatkan risiko infeksi.

Baca Juga: Beda Penanganan, Ini Perbedaan Infeksi Virus dan Infeksi Bakteri

 

Mengenali Gejala Parotitis

Secara umum, gejala parotitis baik yang disebabkan oleh virus maupun bakteri memiliki gejala, di antaranya:

  • Pembengkakan pada kelenjar parotis yang bisa terjadi di salah satu sisi atau kedua sisi wajah sekaligus. Ini dapat menyebabkan wajah tampak asimetris.
  • Rasa nyeri pada wajah atau rahang terutama saat mengunyah atau membuka mulut. Nyeri disebabkan oleh peradangan pada kelenjar yang membengkak.

Baca Juga: Cara Mencegah Gondongan pada Anak-Anak

  • Pada parotitis akibat infeksi virus atau infeksi bakteri, tubuh sering kali menunjukkan reaksi demam dan kelelahan.
  • Karena terganggunya produksi air liur, penderita parotitis mungkin mengalami mulut kering yang bisa memengaruhi kenyamanan dan kemampuan mengunyah.
  • Pembengkakan di dekat telinga dapat menyebabkan rasa tidak nyaman atau sakit di telinga terutama saat menelan makanan atau minuman.

 

Parotitis, terutama yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus, dapat dicegah dengan vaksinasi MMR, yang sangat efektif melindungi dari infeksi. Selain vaksinasi, menjaga kebersihan diri dan menerapkan pola makan seimbang juga penting untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh terhadap berbagai infeksi.

Jika parotitis disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri, pengobatan dengan antibiotik mungkin diperlukan. Sangat penting untuk memeriksakan diri ke dokter jika Anda mengalami gejala parotitis, agar mendapatkan diagnosis dan perawatan yang tepat.

Memiliki pertanyaan lain seputar parotitis? Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan pada aplikasi Ai Care dengan mengunduhnya melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainya? Cek di sini, yah!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Kamis, 21 November 2024 | 16:30

Penn Medicine (2022). Mumps. Available from: https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/mumps 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Parotitis. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23577-parotitis-parotid-gland-swelling 

Laura Schober (2024). Parotitis (Parotid Gland Swelling). Available from: https://www.health.com/parotitis-8629006 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Mumps. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mumps/symptoms-causes/syc-20375361 

CDC (2021). Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html 

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.77msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6789 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6598
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.81msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9694 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.73msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2971 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2971
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9837
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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