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Tanda-Tanda dan Penyebab Anak Bisa Mengalami Sindrom Down

Tanda-Tanda dan Penyebab Anak Bisa Mengalami Sindrom Down

Bagikan :


Sindrom down (down syndrome) adalah kelainan genetik yang disebabkan ketika pembelahan sel yang terjadi tidak normal menghasilkan salinan tambahan dari kromosom 21. Kromosom adalah "paket" kecil yang berisi materi genetik dalam tubuh kita. Kelebihan materi genetik ini dapat menyebabkan munculnya perubahan baik fisik dan perkembangan pada anak yang terlahir dengan sindrom down.

Kelainan yang berdampak pada keterbelakangan pertumbuhan fisik dan mental ini pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Dr. John Langdon Down, pada tahun 1866. Ciri-ciri fisik dan tingkat keparahan penyakit antar individu bervariasi, namun sindrom ini menyebabkan keterlambatan intelektual dan perkembangan seumur hidup.

Penderita sindrom ini mungkin juga memiliki masalah kesehatan lain, seperti terlahir dengan penyakit jantung bawaan, masalah pendengaran, gangguan saluran cerna, mata, tiroid atau kerangka. Risiko bayi lahir dengan sindrom down meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia wanita saat hamil. Sindrom ini tidak dapat disembuhkan, namun terapi dini dapat membantu meningkatkan keterampilan anak termasuk kemampuan berbicara, keterampilan fisik, dan pendidikan.

 

Tanda-tanda Sindrom Down

Walaupun dikatakan memiliki derajat keparahan yang berbeda-beda, namun pada umumnya orang dengan sindrom down memiliki ciri yang relatif sama, di antaranya seperti dilansir Mayo Clinic berikut:

  • Memiliki profil wajah yang datar
  • Leher pendek
  • Lidah terlihat lebih besar dari mulutnya
  • Kelopak mata miring ke atas (fisura palpebra)
  • Ukuran telinga kecil
  • Tonus (tahanan terhadap gerakan) otot buruk
  • Persendian terlalu lentur
  • Terdapat satu garis horizontal di telapak tangan
  • Tangan dan kaki berukuran kecil
  • Jari kelingking hanya memiliki satu sendi
  • Bintik-bintik putih kecil pada bagian iris mata (bintik brushfield)
  • Memiliki tinggi badan yang dikategorikan pendek baik saat anak-anak maupun setelah dewasa

 

Penyebab Sindrom Down

Normalnya, sel manusia mengandung 23 pasang kromosom atau 46 kromosom. Pada sindrom down, pembelahan sel abnormal yang melibatkan kromosom 21 terjadi, sehingga bayi memiliki 47 kromosom. Selain itu, ada beberapa faktor yang meningkatkan risiko anak terlahir dengan sindrom down, di antaranya:

 

Usia Ibu Saat Hamil

Menurut CDC, salah satu faktor yang meningkatkan risiko melahirkan bayi dengan sindrom down adalah usia ibu saat hamil. Wanita yang berusia 35 tahun atau lebih saat hamil lebih berpotensi mengalami kehamilan dengan sindrom down dibandingkan wanita yang hamil di usia lebih muda. Pun demikian, CDC juga mencatat kasus di mana ibu berusia kurang dari 35 tahun yang melahirkan dengan sindrom down.

 

Faktor Genetik

Sekitar 4% kasus sindrom down adalah hasil dari genetik warisan salah satu orang tua. Baik pria maupun wanita bisa menjadi pembawa sindrom down dalam gennya (disebut dengan carrier). Carrier bisa tidak menunjukkan gejala sindrom down, namun bisa menurunkan proses tersebut pada janin.

Jika ayah adalah carrier maka risiko sindrom down pada janin sekitar 3%, namun bila ibu adalah carrier maka risiko sindrom down lebih tinggi, berkisar 10-15%.

 

Memiliki Anak dengan Sindrom Down

Bila di kehamilan sebelumnya, orang tua memiliki anak dengan sindrom down, maka besar kemungkinan anak berikutnya juga terlahir dengan sindrom down. Dengan bantuan kemajuan teknologi saat ini, Anda bisa meminta bantuan konselor genetik untuk membantu menilai risiko kelahiran anak berikutnya dengan sindrom down.

 

Jumlah Saudara dan Jarak Lahir

Menurut penelitian Markus Neuhauser dan Sven Krackow, dari Institute of Medical Informatics Biometry and Epidemiology di University Hospital Essen, Jerman, seperti dilansir Kemenkes, risiko bayi lahir dengan sindrom down juga bergantung pada jumlah saudara kandung dan jarak usia antara anak paling bungsu dan bayi. Risikonya akan meningkat bila ibu hamil pertama kali di usia yang lebih tua, dan jarak kehamilan yang semakin jauh.

 

Kekurangan Asam Folat

Beberapa ahli juga berpendapat bahwa sindrom down dipicu oleh kekurangan asam folat saat hamil. Asam folat adalah vitamin B yang berperan membantu tubuh membuat sel-sel baru yang sehat, Bagi wanita hamil khususnya, asam folat sangat penting untuk menurunkan risiko cacat lahir pada bayi terutama pada tulang belakang bayi.

Selain dari suplemen, asam folat dapat ditemukan dalam sayuran hijau, buah-buahan, kacang-kacangan, sereal atau produk gandum lainnya.

 

Hingga saat ini tidak ada cara untuk mencegah bayi lahir dengan sindrom down. Namun, apabila Anda memiliki risiko tinggi, maka Anda dapat melakukan konsultasi terlebih dahulu dengan konselor genetik saat merencanakan kehamilan.

 

Ingin tahu lebih banyak informasi mengenai berbagai penyakit? silakan kunjungi laman ini!

 

 

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 10:08

Mayo Clinic (2018). Down syndrome. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977

Medline Plus (2021). Down Syndrome. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/downsyndrome.html

CDC (2021). Facts about Down Syndrome. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html

Pusdatin Kemkes (2019). Sindrom Down. Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin-down-syndrom-2019-1.pdf

Medline Plus (2021). Folic Acid. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/folicacid.html

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      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new920μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 2 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.73msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6400 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6400
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 1041
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new1.15msselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.98msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7300 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7300
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.36msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7206 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7206
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.14msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1238 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1238
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8690
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9989
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8476 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8476
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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