Sakit Punggung: Penyebab dan Cara Mengatasinya

Sakit Punggung: Penyebab dan Cara Mengatasinya

Bagikan :


Sakit punggung termasuk salah satu sakit yang paling dikeluhkan. Sakit yang dirasakan seperti nyeri otot, sensasi tertusuk, sensasi terbakar atau kaku. Apabila dibiarkan, rasa sakitnya bisa menyebar ke area lain tubuh atau menyebabkan kondisi yang lebih parah seperti kesulitan membungkuk, memutar, mengangkat, berdiri atau berjalan. 

Penyebab sakit punggung

Dilansir Healthline, ada beberapa masalah umum yang dapat menyebabkan keluhan sakit punggung ringan. Masalah ini bisa berasal dari otot, tulang, atau sendi Anda, di antaranya:

Otot yang tegang

Otot yang tegang dapat menyebabkan sakit punggung yang cukup mengganggu. Umumnya ketegangan otot ini terjadi karena gerakan yang salah saat mengangkat benda berat atau aktivitas yang berlebihan, sehingga memicu rasa pegal dan kaku pada otot punggung.

Struktur tulang

Vertebrae adalah susunan tulang yang bertumpuk satu sama lain membentuk tulang belakang. Cakram tulang belakang adalah jaringan yang menjadi bantalan, yang memberikan ruang antar tulang vertebrae. Ketika cakram ini mengalami cedera, akan mengakibatkan nyeri dan rasa sakit pada punggung. Adakalanya, cedera pada cakram tulang belakang juga menyebabkan bulge disk, herniate disk, atau rupture disk, yang kemudian dapat memicu tekanan pada saraf.

Arthritis

Spinal osteoarthritis adalah salah satu penyebab sakit punggung karena kerusakan tulang rawan sendi pada punggung bawah. Bila dibiarkan berlarut-larut, kondisi ini dapat memicu terjadinya spinal stenosis, atau penyempitan tulang belakang.

Osteoporosis

Penyakit ini adalah gangguan tulang yang cukup dikenali masyarakat. Terjadi kehilangan kepadatan dan penipisan tulang yang menyebabkan adanya retakan pada berbagai tulang, salah satunya tulang belakang. Keretakan inilah yang menimbulkan rasa sakit di punggung.

Selain penyebab di atas, ada beberapa penyebab sakit punggung yang jarang dialami namun juga tak bisa dipandang sebelah mata. Kondisi tersebut meliputi:

  • Degenerative spondylolisthesis - perpindahan tulang satu ke tulang lainnya
  • Cauda equina syndrome - hilangnya fungsi saraf di sumsum tulang belakang bagian bawah
  • Infeksi bakteri Staphylococcus, E. coli atau tuberculosis di sumsum tulang belakang
  • Adanya kanker di sumsum tulang belakang
  • Infeksi ginjal atau batu ginjal

Tanda bahaya

Ketika sakit punggung tidak membaik lebih dari dua minggu, atau Anda merasakan nyeri yang sangat hebat, sebaiknya lakukan pemeriksaan medis lebih lanjut di rumah sakit untuk mengetahui penyebab dan pengobatannya. Mungkin saja ada organ lain yang terkena dan menyebabkan penjalaran nyeri ke punggung. Agar penanganan nyeri punggung tidak terlambat, kenali gejala dan tanda bahwa sakit punggung Anda membutuhkan pemeriksaan medis segera, seperti dilansir Healthline berikut ini:

  • Sulit mengontrol buang air kecil atau buang air besar
  • Rasa kesemutan, mati rasa, dan lemas di kedua kaki
  • Ada riwayat cedera yang disebabkan jatuh dengan posisi punggung yang terhantam lebih dulu
  • Rasa nyeri yang intens terutama di malam hari
  • Berat badan turun drastis tanpa penyebab yang jelas
  • Rasa sakit seperti berdenyut yang menyebar hingga ke perut
  • Adanya demam

Dokter akan menanyakan gejala serta riwayat penyakit Anda, serta melakukan pemeriksaan fisik untuk menilai keadaan Anda. Pada kondisi yang serius, dokter bisa melakukan pemeriksaan seperti pemeriksaan darah, atau pencitraan dengan sinar X-ray dan CT scan.

Cara mengatasi sakit punggung

Agar terhindar dari sakit punggung, Anda disarankan untuk melakukan beberapa hal berikut seperti:

  • Berolahraga

Olahraga low impact akan membantu menguatkan sendi dan otot, agar mereka berfungsi dengan baik tanpa adanya tekanan. Selain itu, Anda juga bisa memilih olahraga ringan seperti berenang atau jalan kaki. Jangan lupa untuk melakukan stretching pada pagi hari atau sebelum melakukan aktivitas berolahraga agar otot tidak tegang dan kelelahan.

  • Menjaga berat badan

Menjaga berat badan agar tetap ideal akan sangat membantu mengurangi keluhan sakit punggung, karena beban pada setiap tulang akan berkurang.

  • Tidak membawa barang berat

Hindari membawa barang terlalu berat di punggung, seperti tas laptop, koper, atau aksesoris yang membebani leher dan tulang belakang.

  • Cermat memilih sepatu

Sepatu dengan hak tinggi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada tulang punggung jika digunakan dalam waktu lama. Pilihlah sepatu yang nyaman dengan hak rendah agar tetap dapat beraktivitas dan bergerak dengan aman dan nyaman.

Jalanilah gaya hidup yang sehat dengan rutin berolahraga, menjaga berat badan yang ideal, dan tidak beraktivitas melebihi kapasitas tubuh Anda. Nyeri punggung juga bisa diatasi dengan meminum obat antinyeri seperlunya. Namun, bila semua hal di atas masih belum bisa meredakan gejala nyeri yang Anda rasakan, konsultasikan dengan dokter Anda mengenai hal yang harus dilakukan selanjutnya.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 20:08

Lights V (2019). What Is Back Pain?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/back-pain#lower-back-diagram

 

Mayo Clinic Staff (2020). Back pain. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20369906

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.76msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7000 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 492
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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