Penyebab dan Tanda-Tanda Hemoglobin (Hb) Rendah

Penyebab dan Tanda-Tanda Hemoglobin (Hb) Rendah
Ilustrasi pemeriksaan Hb dalam darah. Credits: Freepik

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Memiliki hemoglobin (Hb) rendah dapat menyebabkan tubuh tidak mendapatkan cukup oksigen sehingga Anda mudah merasa lelah dan lemah. Hemoglobin sendiri adalah protein kompleks yang terdapat di dalam sel darah merah. Fungsi utamanya adalah mengikat dan mengangkut oksigen ke seluruh tubuh.

 

Kadar Hemoglobin (Hb) Normal di Dalam Tubuh

Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kadar hemoglobin (Hb) di dalam tubuh adalah dengan menjalani tes hemoglobin. Kadar hemoglobin normal pada setiap orang bisa beragam, di antaranya:

  • Pria dewasa 13,5-18 g/dL
  • Wanita dewasa 12-15 g/dL
  • Anak-anak 11-16 g/dL
  • Wanita hamil > 10 g/dL

Baca Juga: Thalassemia dan Anemia Tidak Sama, Ini Perbedaannya

 

Tanda-Tanda Hemoglobin (Hb) Rendah

Hemoglobin (Hb) rendah berarti kadar hemoglobin di dalam darah berada di bawah kisaran normal. Kondisi ini biasanya ditandai dengan beberapa gejala, di antaranya:

  • Nyeri dada
  • Tangan dan kaki dingin
  • Pusing
  • Kelelahan
  • Sakit kepala
  • Detak jantung tidak teratur
  • Kulit lebih pucat dari biasanya
  • Sesak napas
  • Tubuh terasa lemah

Baca Juga: Pilihan Makanan yang Dapat Meningkatkan Hemoglobin (Hb)

 

Penyebab Hemoglobin (Hb) Rendah

Rendahnya hemoglobin di dalam darah bisa dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, di antaranya:

Diet yang terlalu ketat

Diet yang terlalu ketat dapat menyebabkan Anda tidak cukup mendapatkan asupan zat besi, folat atau vitamin B12 yang dapat memengaruhi produksi hemoglobin dalam tubuh. Kekurangan zat besi dapat menghambat produksi sel darah merah dan menyebabkan anemia. Kekurangan folat dan vitamin B12 dapat menyebabkan anemia megaloblastik, di mana sel darah merah menjadi besar dan tidak normal.

Kehilangan darah jangka panjang

Perdarahan jangka panjang akibat tukak lambung, fibroid rahim, atau periode menstruasi yang berat dapat menyebabkan rendahnya kadar hemoglobin.

Kehamilan

Selama kehamilan, tubuh wanita mengalami perubahan fisik yang signifikan termasuk peningkatan volume darah sehingga kebutuhan akan zat besi dan nutrisi lainnya juga meningkat. Anemia pada ibu hamil sering kali terjadi akibat kekurangan zat besi, vitamin B12, asam folat dan vitamin lainnya.

Zat besi diperlukan untuk pembentukan hemoglobin. Asam folat dan vitamin B12 juga dibutuhkan untuk pembentukan sel darah merah yang normal.

Kondisi genetik

Kondisi genetik dapat menyebabkan berbagai jenis masalah pada sel darah merah, seperti kekurangan G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase), anemia sel sabit, sferositosis, dan talasemia. Kondisi genetik ini dapat bervariasi dalam tingkat keparahan dan gejala. Pengobatan dan perawatannya juga bergantung pada kondisi genetik yang dialami serta keparahan gejalanya.

Kanker

Beberapa jenis kanker seperti leukemia dan limfoma dapat memengaruhi produksi dan fungsi sel darah merah sehingga menyebabkan anemia. Anemia yang disebabkan oleh kanker bisa berdampak serius bagi kesehatan karena menyebabkan kelelahan, sesak napas, kulit pucat dan detak jantung yang cepat.

Penyakit ginjal kronis

Penyakit ginjal kronis dapat berdampak pada produksi sel darah merah di dalam tubuh. Dalam kondisi ginjal yang sehat ketika oksigen dalam darah menurun, maka ginjal akan merespons dengan meningkatkan produksi eritropoietin. Eritropoietin kemudian merangsang sumsum tulang untuk meningkatkan produksi sel darah merah yang membantu meningkatkan kapasitas darah untuk membawa oksigen.

Namun, pada penyakit ginjal kronis, terjadi penurunan fungsi ginjal yang memengaruhi produksi eritropoietin. Akibatnya, produksi eritropoietin dapat berkurang atau bahkan tidak dihasilkan sama sekali. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan tubuh mengalami anemia. 

 

Untuk mengatasi Hb rendah, dokter akan mencari tahu terlebih dahulu apa penyebabnya. Dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan suplemen zat besi, makanan kaya zat besi, suplemen vitamin B12 dan asam folat, membantu Anda merencanakan pola makan yang sehat serta merekomendasikan transfusi darah bila diperlukan.

Konsultasikan keluhan Anda terkait gejala Hb rendah bersama dokter kami dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Kamis, 4 April 2024 | 09:57
Tags : Anemia anemia defisiensi zat besi Hemoglobin kekurangan darah

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Low Hemoglobin. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17705-low-hemoglobin 

Carly Vandergriendt (2023). Everything You Need to Know About Hemoglobin. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-hemoglobin 

Mount Sinai. Hemoglobin. Available from: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/hemoglobin 

Vanessa Caceres (2023). Low Hemoglobin Levels: Everything You Need to Know. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/low-hemoglobin-5217077 

Medline Plus (2022). Hemoglobin Test. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hemoglobin-test/ 

Boston Children's Hospital. Megaloblastic Pernicious Anemia. Available from: https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/megaloblastic-anemia 

CDC (2023). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/blooddisorders/women/menorrhagia.html 

Jen Uscher (2022). Anemia in Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/baby/anemia-in-pregnancy 

Kids Health (2018). G6PD Deficiency. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/g6pd.html 

Mayo Clinic (2023). Sickle cell anemia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876 

Mayo Clinic (2021). Thalassemia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thalassemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354995 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Erythropoietin. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14573-erythropoietin

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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        #12025-04-11 15:42:07GET/penyakit/penyebab-dan-tanda-tanda-hemoglobin-hb-rendah21132108