Penyebab, Faktor Risiko dan Pencegahan Polio

Penyebab, Faktor Risiko dan Pencegahan Polio
Credit: Freepik. Polio adalah penyakit infeksi virus yang menyerang sistem saraf pusat.

Bagikan :


Penyakit polio atau yang dikenal juga dengan poliomelitis adalah penyakit menular yang sudah sangat jarang terjadi di berbagai negara. Setelah nyaris punah, pada tahun 2022 kasus polio kembali ditemukan di New York dan Aceh. Apa sebenarnya penyebab penyakit polio? Simak ulasannya berikut ini.

 

Apa Itu Penyakit Polio?

Polio adalah penyakit infeksi virus yang menyerang sistem saraf pusat. Pada beberapa orang, infeksi virus tidak menunjukkan gejala. Namun bagi sebagian orang, penyakit polio dapat menunjukkan gejala kelumpuhan.

Meski tidak menunjukkan gejala, orang yang terinfeksi polio masih dapat menularkan polio ke orang lain. Orang yang terkena polio umumnya merasa leher dan punggung kaku, refleks yang abnormal, sulit bernapas dan menelan.

Penyakit ini dapat dialami siapa saja namun umumnya menyerang anak usia balita, terutama yang belum imunisasi polio. Jika tidak ditangan serius, penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan permanen.

Polio diyakini sudah ada sejak ribuan tahun silam namun baru pertama kali diidentifikasi pada tahun 1908. Sejak pertama kali ditemukan vaksin polio pada 1953, kasus polio berkurang drastis di seluruh dunia.

Namun hingga saat ini di sejumlah negara seperti Afghanistan, Pakistan dan Nigeria, kasus polio masih banyak dijumpai.

Baca Juga: Penyakit Polio - Definisi, Penyebab, Gejala, dan Tata Laksana | AI Care (ai-care.id)

 

Penyebab dan Penularan Polio

Polio disebabkan oleh virus polio. Virus ini akan menginfeksi tenggorokan dan saluran pencernaan yang menyebabkan Anda mengalami gejala mirip flu. Virus kemudian dapat menyebar ke otak dan saraf tulang belakang sehingga menyebabkan kelumpuhan.

Yang perlu diwaspadai, polio bukan hanya menyebabkan masalah kesehatan serius namun juga sangat mudah menular. Virus polio dapat dengan mudah menular melalui percikan air liur saat batuk dan bersin.

Selain itu virus polio juga dapat menyebar melalui kontak langsung dari tinja orang yang terinfeksi. Virus ini dapat menyebar melalui kebiasaan yang tidak higienis seperti:

  • Tidak mencuci tangan setelah ke kamar mandi atau menyentuh kotoran (seperti mengganti popok)
  • Minum air atau makan makanan yang terkontaminasi
  • Berenang di air yang terkontaminasi
  • Berada dalam kontak dekat dengan seseorang dengan polio
  • Menyentuh permukaan yang terkontaminasi

Baca Juga: Seperti Inilah Gejala Penyakit Polio 

 

Faktor Risiko Polio

Dilansir dari Medical News Today, faktor risiko seseorang tertular virus polio adalah orang yang tinggal di pemukiman padat dan tinggal di lingkungan yang tidak higienis. Beberapa kelompok yang berisiko terkena polio di antaranya ibu hamil dan orang-orang yang memiliki daya tahan tubuh lemah.

Faktor risiko lainnya yang membuat seseorang rentan terkena polio antara lain:

  • Tidak pernah melakukan vaksinasi polio
  • Tinggal bersama pasien polio
  • Bepergian ke area endemik polio
  • Bekerja di laboratorium yang bersinggungan dengan virus polio

 

Pencegahan Polio

Polio adalah penyakit serius dan berbahaya, namun bisa dikendalikan dengan pemberian vaksin. Vaksin polio bisa diberikan untuk anak-anak dan dewasa, dalam bentuk tetes atau suntik. Apabila Anda belum mendapatkan vaksin polio sebaiknya segera hubungi layanan kesehatan terdekat untuk mendapatkan vaksin polio.

Selain vaksin polio, cara efektif untuk menangani polio adalah dengan menerapkan gaya hidup bersih dan sehat seperti rajin mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air mengalir, menutup hidung dan mulut saat bersin, menghindari kontak langsung dengan orang sakit, serta makan dan minum hidangan yang higienis.

Polio adalah penyakit serius yang sempat mewabah namun kini sudah bisa dikendalikan dengan adanya vaksin. Sebagai upaya pencegahan, sebaiknya lakukan vaksin sesuai anjuran dokter. Apabila Anda terinfeksi polio maka sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter untuk mendapat penanganan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 01:10

Johnson, S. (2018). Polio. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/poliomyelitis

Crosta, P. (2017). Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155580

Cedars-Sinai. Polio (Poliomyelitis). Available from: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/polio-poliomyelitis.html

 

Cleveland Clinic. Polio. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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