Penyebab Bayi Lahir Prematur

Penyebab Bayi Lahir Prematur
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Normalnya sebagian besar kehamilan berlangsung hingga 40 minggu. Bayi yang lahir sebelum minggu ke-37 disebut dengan bayi prematur.

Bayi yang lahir prematur berisiko tinggi mengalami masalah perkembangan. Makin muda usianya dilahirkan risiko komplikasi kesehatan akan makin meningkat. Bayi yang lahir prematur juga berisiko tinggi tak dapat bertahan hidup.

 

Penyebab Bayi Lahir Prematur

Ada banyak faktor yang menyebabkan bayi lahir prematur, di antaranya:

Insufisiensi serviks

Selama kehamilan leher rahim akan tertutup. Namun leher rahim bisa menipis dan terbuka lebih dini sebelum waktunya melahirkan. Kondisi ini disebut dengan insufisiensi serviks atau serviks tidak kompeten.

Insufisiensi serviks dapat menyebabkan kelahiran prematur maupun keguguran.

 

Kehamilan kembar

Bayi kembar memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk dilahirkan prematur. Kehamilan kembar menyebabkan tekanan pada rahim dan plasenta yang lebih besar, serta meningkatkan risiko komplikasi seperti preeklamsia, diabetes gestasional dan infeksi.

 

Preeklamsia

Preeklamsia adalah kondisi di mana tekanan darah ibu hamil meningkat tajam. Peningkatan tekanan darah ini berisiko menyebabkan kerusakan pada organ tubuh seperti ginjal, hati dan otak.

Preeklamsia biasanya terjadi di trimester kedua atau ketiga. Selain komplikasi serius, preeklamsia dapat memicu pelepasan dini plasenta dari dinding rahim, yang dapat mengakibatkan perdarahan dan kelahiran prematur.

 

Baca Juga: Wanita Hamil Perlu Mewaspadai Gejala dan Tanda Preeklamsia

 

Masalah plasenta

Plasenta adalah organ penting yang menghubungkan ibu dan janin melalui tali pusat. Plasenta menyalurkan oksigen, nutrisi dan zat-zat penting lainnya ke janin selama kehamilan.

Beberapa masalah plasenta dapat mengganggu aliran darah yang sehat ke janin dan meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur serta komplikasi lainnya. Masalah plasenta tersebut di antaranya:

  • Plasenta previa - kondisi plasenta menutupi sebagian atau seluruh leher rahim
  • Abruptio plasenta - kondisi plasenta terlepas dari dinding rahim sebelum bayi lahir
  • Insufisiensi plasenta - ketika aliran darah ke plasenta terganggu sehingga tidak cukup memberikan nutrisi dan oksigen yang dibutuhkan janin

 

Kondisi kesehatan ibu saat hamil

Kondisi kesehatan ibu saat hamil seperti diabetes, preeklamsia, dan infeksi meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur. Diabetes menyebabkan janin tumbuh lebih besar sehingga meningkatkan risiko persalinan.

Preeklamsia menyebabkan janin tumbuh terlalu kecil sehingga berisiko dilahirkan prematur. Infeksi selama kehamilan juga meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur, misalnya seperti infeksi saluran kemih, infeksi vagina dan infeksi rahim.

 

Riwayat kelahiran prematur sebelumnya

Wanita yang telah melahirkan bayi prematur pada kehamilan sebelumnya memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk mengalami kelahiran prematur lagi pada kehamilan berikutnya.

Beberapa faktor yang dapat menyebabkan kelahiran prematur pada kehamilan sebelumnya, seperti masalah plasenta, preeklamsia, infeksi, atau faktor lingkungan tertentu, mungkin dialami kembali di kehamilan berikutnya sehingga meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur.

 

Baca Juga: Manfaat Memberikan Air Susu Ibu (ASI) pada Bayi Prematur

 

Cara Mencegah Kelahiran Prematur

Menjalankan pola hidup sehat sebelum dan selama kehamilan dapat menurunkan risiko kelahiran prematur. Untuk mencegah kelahiran prematur maka berikut adalah hal-hal yang disarankan:

  • Berhenti merokok atau menghindari paparan asap rokok
  • Tidak mengonsumsi minuman beralkohol saat merencanakan kehamilan atau saat sedang hamil
  • Tidak menyalahgunakan obat-obatan terlarang
  • Makan makanan bernutrisi seimbang dan yang kaya zat besi serta asam folat
  • Aktif berolahraga setidaknya 30 menit setiap hari
  • Mengelola kondisi kesehatan seperti diabetes dan tekanan darah tinggi dengan baik
  • Mengelola berat badan dan menjaga berat badan tetap ideal
  • Mengelola stres dengan meditasi, berolahraga, yoga, menyeimbangkan kerja dan kehidupan
  • Memelihara komunikasi yang sehat dengan pasangan

 

Selama kehamilan Anda disarankan untuk selalu memeriksakan kehamilan sesuai dengan jadwal. Jika ingin berkonsultasi tentang perkembangan kehamilan, Anda juga bisa melakukannya melalui aplikasi Ai Care yang dapat diunduh pada ponsel Anda.

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 02:25

Pregnancy Birth&Baby (2022). Premature baby. Available from: https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/premature-baby#what-is

NHS UK (2021). You and your baby at 40 weeks pregnant. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/week-by-week/28-to-40-plus/40-weeks/

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Incompetent Cervix. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17912-incompetent-cervix

American College and Obstetricians and Gynecologist (2021). Multiple Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy

Mayo Clinic (2022). Preeclampsia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745

Pregnancy Birth&Baby (2022). About the placenta. Available from: https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/about-the-placenta

 

Department of Health Minnesota (2022). Prevention of Premature Births. Available from: https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/womeninfants/prematurity/prevention.html

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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1101 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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