Apa Itu Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV) dan Efek Sampingnya

Apa Itu Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV) dan Efek Sampingnya
Credits: Freepik

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Sekitar tahun 1948 dan 1955 terjadi epidemi polio yang menyebabkan kepanikan di masyarakat. Polio dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan otot dan beberapa kasus berakhir dengan kematian. Kehadiran vaksin polio membantu mengurangi jumlah kasus polio secara signifikan di seluruh dunia, bahkan membantu beberapa wilayah menjadi bebas polio.

Untuk memerangi penyakit polio telah dikembangkan dua jenis vaksin, vaksin polio tetes (OPV) dan juga vaksin polio suntik (IPV). Di dalam artikel ini, Anda bisa mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai vaksin polio tetes (OPV) dan kemungkinan efek samping yang disebabkannya.

 

Apa itu Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV)

Vaksin polio tetes (OPV) adalah jenis vaksin polio yang mengandung virus polio hidup dan dilemahkan (live attenuated virus). Vaksin ini telah mengalami modifikasi genetik sehingga tidak dapat menyebabkan penyakit polio, namun cukup aktif untuk merangsang respons kekebalan tubuh terhadap penyakit polio.

Vaksin polio tetes menjadi vaksin utama yang digunakan dalam memberantas penyakit polio. Tetapi, di beberapa negara, misalnya seperti Amerika Serikat, vaksin polio tetes sudah tidak digunakan.

Di Indonesia, vaksin polio tetes masih diberikan. Tidak perlu khawatir karena vaksin polio tetes telah dinyatakan halal oleh para pemimpin Islam di seluruh dunia, Syekh Tantawi Universitas Al-Azhar, Mufti Besar Arab Saudi dan Majelis Ulama Indonesia.

Vaksin polio tetes diberikan melalui tetes di mulut sehingga mudah untuk diberikan. Vaksin ini bekerja dengan merangsang produksi antibodi di dalam tubuh, memberikan kekebalan terhadap infeksi virus polio serta membantu mencegah penularan virus polio melalui tinja.

Vaksin polio tetes memiliki beberapa jenis vaksin, yang dapat mengandung satu, dua, atau tiga serotipe vaksin yang dilemahkan. Di dalam tubuh, vaksin polio tetes akan bereplikasi di saluran pencernaan kemudian membangun kekebalan di lokasi tempat virus masuk, seperti di usus.

Baca Juga: Ketahui Bedanya Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV) dan Vaksin Polio Suntik (IPV)

Dosis Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV)

Anak-anak membutuhkan beberapa dosis vaksin polio tetes untuk bisa membangun kekebalan yang optimal. Jumlah dosis bervariasi, bergantung pada program imunisasi nasional yang direncanakan pemerintah dan kondisi kesehatan anak.

Efek Samping Vaksin Polio Tetes (OPV)

Vaksin polio tetes termasuk salah satu vaksin teraman yang dikembangkan, yang telah menyelamatkan setidaknya 18 juta anak dari kelumpuhan permanen akibat polio. Efek samping yang dilaporkan sangat jarang terjadi.

Para ahli telah mencatat beberapa efek samping ringan terkait dengan pemberian vaksin polio tetes, di antaranya:

  • Demam
  • Rewel
  • Tidak enak badan
  • Diare
  • Sakit kepala
  • Nyeri otot

Baca Juga: Ketahui Apa Saja Efek Samping Vaksin Polio

Efek samping yang dirasakan juga umumnya bersifat sementara dan tidak berlangsung lama. Menurut penelitian, tidak ada bukti signifikan terkait efek samping yang serius dari OPV sehingga memberikan vaksin ini pada anak-anak sangat direkomendasikan.

Apabila Anda membutuhkan informasi lebih lanjut terkait vaksin polio tetes (OPV) atau vaksin polio suntik (IPV), Anda bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Jumat, 19 Januari 2024 | 03:51

CDC (2022). Polio Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/public/index.html 

Better Health Channel (2022). Polio – immunisation. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/polio-immunisation#side-effects-of-polio-vaccines 

Mayo Clinic. History of polio: Outbreaks and vaccine timeline. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/history-disease-outbreaks-vaccine-timeline/polio 

Polio Global Eradication Initiative. Oral poliovirus vaccine. Available from: https://polioeradication.org/polio-today/polio-prevention/the-vaccines/opv/ 

Kids Health (2022). Your Child's Immunizations: Polio Vaccine (IPV). Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/polio-vaccine.html 

Polio Global Eradication Initiative. FAQ About Polio. Available from: https://polioeradication.org/polio-today/faq/ 

Cleveland Clinic (2024). Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated, IPV. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19740-poliovirus-vaccine-inactivated-ipv 

MSF Medical Guidelines. Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine (OPV). Available from: https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/EssDr/english/oral-poliomyelitis-vaccine-opv-16687789.html 

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
      • 0: 1227
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 2260
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • 0: 7626
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9195
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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