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Waspada Cacar Monyet, Kenali Penularan dan Pencegahannya

Waspada Cacar Monyet, Kenali Penularan dan Pencegahannya
Credit: Dermnetz. Gambaran lenting pada pasien cacar monyet.

Bagikan :


Kasus cacar monyet (monkeypox) pada manusia pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1970 di Republik Demokratik Kongo. Saat ini cacar monyet telah menjadi endemi di Afrika Tengah atau Barat. Namun belakangan ini penyakit cacar monyet kembali menjadi perhatian setelah beberapa negara di Eropa dan Australia melaporkan peningkatan kasus harian. Seperti apa sebenarnya penyakit cacar monyet?

 

Apa Itu Penyakit Cacar Monyet?

Penyakit cacar monyet pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1958 di sebuah laboratorium penelitian monyet di Denmark. Saat itu wabah cacar melanda sejumlah monyet yang dipelihara di laboratorium untuk kebutuhan penelitan. Sedangkan pada manusia, kasus ini pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 1970 di Republik Demokratik Kongo. Sejak itu, penyakit cacar monyet mewabah di beberapa negara di Afrika, dan negara-negara di Amerika Serikat dan Asia juga melaporkan kasus cacar monyet pada manusia.

Orang yang terinfeksi cacar monyet menunjukkan gejala mirip cacar air yaitu demam dan muncul lepuhan atau lenting di kulit. Namun pada cacar monyet adalah terjadinya pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening di ketiak.

 

Bagaimana Penularan Cacar Monyet?

Cacar monyet adalah penyakit infeksi virus yang disebabkan oleh virus yang berasal dari hewan (zoonosis). Penyebaran cacar monyet di luar Afrika dikaitkan dengan perjalanan internasional dan kegiatan impor binatang. Di Afrika, infeksi cacar monyet banyak dijumpai pada beragam spesies hewan seperti monyet, tikus Gambia dan tupai. Para ahli meyakini hewan pengerat dan primata nonmanusia seperti tikus dapat menjadi inang dan mampu menyebarkan virus ini ke manusia.

Dilansir dari CDC, berikut ini penularan virus cacar monyet yang perlu diwaspadai:

  • Dari hewan ke manusia:

Penularan cacar monyet dari hewan ke manusia dapat terjadi melalui gigitan atau cakaran. Penularan terjadi ketika seseorang bersentuhan dengan virus dari hewan melalui kulit, saluran pernapasan atau selaput lendir. Selain itu penularan juga dapat terjadi secara tidak langsung ketika mengonsumsi daging hewan liar yang terkontaminasi dan kontak pada barang-barang yang telah terkontaminasi virus seperti alas kandang dan lain-lain.

  • Dari manusia ke manusia

Dilansir dari laman Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, penularan manusia ke manusia sebenarnya jarang terjadi. Namun para ahli mengungkapkan bahwa penularan di antara manusia tetap perlu diwaspadai. Penularan antar manusia dapat terjadi melalui kontak langsng dengan lenting atau luka di kulit, cairan tubuh, percikan air saat bersin dan batuk serta menyentuh barang yang terkontaminasi virus cacar air.

 

Pencegahan Cacar Monyet

Salah satu upaya pencegahan cacar monyet adalah dengan pemberian vaksin cacar. Saat ini tersedia vaksin JYENNEOSTM yang juga dikenal sebagai Imvamune atau Imvanex yang dikenal efektif mencegah cacar dan cacar monyet. Pemberian vaksin ini dalam dua dosis di rentang 28 hari terbukti efektif meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh dalam menghadapi cacar monyet.

Sayangnya, ketersediaan vaksin ini sangat terbatas di beberapa negara termasuk Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, saat ini beberapa pencegahan cacar monyet yang bisa dilakukan antara lain:

  • Menerapkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS), yaitu rajin mencuci tangan dengan air dan sabun atau menggunakan pembersih tangan berbahan dasar alkohol
  • Menghindari kontak langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan orang dan benda yang terkontaminasi
  • Menghindari kontak langsung dengan hewan perantara virus cacar monyet termasuk hewan yang mati di area kasus cacar monyet
  • Tidak mengonsumsi daging yang diburu dari hewan liar
  • Segera memeriksakan diri jika muncul keluhan demam dan pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening setelah melakukan kunjungan dari daerah yang terkonfirmasi kasus cacar monyet

 

Meningkatnya kasus cacar monyet di beberapa negara di luar Afrika tengah menjadi perhatian. Pasalnya, beberapa kasus terjadi tanpa riwayat bepergian ke negara endemik. Dengan mengetahui cara penularan dan pencegahan virus cacar monyet, diharapkan dapat mengurangi angka penyebaran di kalangan orang-orang terdekat.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 08:48

WHO. (2022). Monkeypox Cases Reported in the WHO European Region. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/pages/news/news/2022/05/monkeypox-cases-reported-in-the-who-european-region

CDC. Transmission. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html

CDC. Monkeypox. Availabe from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html

Manuhutu, R., Aziza.L. (2022). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Monkeypox. Available from: https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/situasi-infeksi-emerging/frequently-asked-questions-faq-monkeypox

Weiser, P. (2022). What to Know About Monkeypox and the Latest Cases. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-to-know-about-monkeypox-and-the-latest-cases

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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