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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Apa Saja Penyebab dan Gejalanya?

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Apa Saja Penyebab dan Gejalanya?

Bagikan :


Gangguan obsesif-kompulsif atau yang juga dikenal dengan istilah OCD menampilkan pola pikiran dan ketakutan yang tidak diinginkan (obsesi) yang menciptakan perilaku berulang yang tidak bisa ditahan (kompulsi). Keduanya dapat menganggu aktivitas sehari-hari dan menyebabkan penderitaan yang signifikan.

Ketika penderitanya mencoba mengabaikan atau menghentikan obsesi tersebut, mereka justru merasa semakin tertekan dan cemas. Pada akhirnya, mereka akan terdorong melakukan tindakan kompulsif untuk meredakan stres dan tekanan yang mereka rasakan. Inilah mengapa OCD mirip seperti lingkaran setan yang membuat penderitanya tidak berdaya dan sulit lepas dari tekanan dan stres.

OCD seperti dilansir Mayo Clinic seringkali berpusat pada tema tertentu dalam aktivitas sehari-hari, misalnya ketakutan berlebihan akan kontaminasi kuman, sehingga untuk meredakan ketakutan tersebut penderitanya akan mencuci tangan secara berulang, bahkan sampai tangan terasa sakit dan pecah-pecah.

Gejala OCD

OCD melibatkan obsesi dan kompulsi atau kombinasi keduanya yang dapat menyebabkan kesulitan tertentu. Gejalanya seperti dilansir Medical News Today antara lain:

  • Obsesi

Munculnya kecemasan yang mendorong obsesi antara lain seperti:

    • Kontaminasi - cairan tubuh, kuman, debu, atau zat lainnya
    • Kehilangan kontrol - seperti ketakutan untuk melukai diri sendiri atau orang lain
    • Perfeksionis - ketakutan kehilangan sesuatu atau fokus yang berat saat mengingat sesuatu 
    • Bahaya - rasa takut bertanggung jawab atas peristiwa besar seperti bencana
    • Pikiran seksual yang tidak diinginkan, termasuk pikiran tentang aktivitas yang tidak pantas
    • Keyakinan agama atau takhayul seperti kekuatiran menyinggung Tuhan
  • Kompulsi

Tidak semua perilaku yang berulang disebut kompulsi, misalnya seperti kebiasaan bangun pagi, atau makan roti di pagi hari. Pada penderita OCD, perilaku berulang dilakukan sangat intens dan memakan waktu, antara lain seperti dilansir Mind.org berikut:

    • Bersifat ritual - seperti misalnya mencuci tangan atau bagian tubuh berlebihan, mengatur barang dengan posisi yang selalu sama, menyentuh suatu barang dengan urutan tertentu pada waktu tertentu
    • Memeriksa - seperti berulang memeriksa pintu dan jendela, penampilan pakaian, memeriksa ingatan untuk memastikan bahwa hal tersebut tidak benar-benar terjadi
    • Mengoreksi - mengulang perkataan dengan suara keras, menghitung angka tertentu, menggantikan pikiran yang mengganggu dengan gambaran berbeda
    • Memastikan berulang kali - meminta orang memberi tahu bahwa semua akan baik-baik saja

Penyebab OCD

Dokter tidak yakin benar apa yang dapat membuat seseorang mengalami OCD, namun stres dapat memperparah gejalanya. Menurut WebMD dan Medical News Today, OCD dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor antara lain:

  • Adanya beberapa perbedaan fisik bagian tertentu di otak
  • Adanya depresi dan kecemasan
  • Pengalaman yang traumatis di masa lalu
  • Mengalami kekerasan seksual pada masa kanak-kanak
  • Adanya faktor genetik dalam keluarga

OCD tidak dapat dicegah dan diobati. Namun, perawatan dan terapi dapat membantu mengontrol gejalanya agar gangguan ini tidak sampai mengganggu aktivitas Anda sehari-hari.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 15 Maret 2024 | 05:31

Fields L (2020). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder#091e9c5e80008db7-2-4

Mind (2019). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available from: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/causes-of-ocd/

Mayo Clinic Staff (2020). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438

 

Nichols H (2020). What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/178508

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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