Merokok Bisa Timbulkan Masalah Pencernaan Hingga Kanker

Merokok Bisa Timbulkan Masalah Pencernaan Hingga Kanker
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Selama ini yang lebih banyak diketahui adalah merokok berbahaya bagi kesehatan jantung, menyebabkan stroke, penyakit paru, kanker, diabetes dan penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK). Namun, sebenarnya merokok dapat membahayakan setiap organ di dalam tubuh, salah satunya organ pencernaan.

Merokok memengaruhi sistem pencernaan dan setiap organ di dalamnya melalui berbagai cara. Pada akhirnya, merokok menyebabkan kanker di dalam sistem pencernaan seperti kanker perut, kanker pankreas dan kanker usus.

 

Masalah Pencernaan yang Disebabkan Kebiasaan Merokok

Merokok menyebabkan heartburn

Heartburn terjadi ketika asam lambung yang ada di dalam perut kembali ke kerongkongan. Heartburn secara umum disebabkan oleh otot-otot di sekitar bagian bawah esofagus yang tidak lagi berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya.

Merokok dapat mengurangi tekanan pada sfingter esofagus bagian bawah (LES), penutup pelindung di kerongkongan yang menjaga asam di perut agar tidak naik ke kerongkongan. Nikotin dalam rokok dapat menyebabkan relaksasi otot-otot di sekitar LES, termasuk otot-otot yang bertanggung jawab untuk menjaga LES tetap tegang dan menjaga tekanan yang cukup untuk mencegah refluks.

Selain itu, komponen kimia dalam asap rokok juga dapat merangsang produksi lambung berlebihan sehingga meningkatkan risiko refluks asam.

 

Baca Juga: Mengatasi Heartburn dengan Minum Susu, Benarkah Efektif?

 

Merokok menyebabkan tukak lambung

Menurut penelitian, merokok dikaitkan dengan peningkatan infeksi Helicobacter pylori, bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan tukak lambung. Rokok mengandung bahan kimia beracun seperti nikotin, karbon monoksida, dan senyawa lainnya yang dapat merusak sistem kekebalan tubuh dan mengurangi efektivitas sistem pertahanan terhadap infeksi bakteri.

Merokok juga diketahui memperburuk peradangan dan kerusakan pada lapisan pelindung lambung yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Helicobacter pylori. Ini dapat mempercepat perkembangan tukak lambung dan meningkatkan risiko komplikasi yang lebih serius.

 

Merokok memperburuk penyakit lever

Penyakit perlemakan hati nonalkohol (NAFLD) adalah salah satu kondisi hati kronis yang paling umum. Merokok dikenal sebagai salah satu faktor risiko penyakit ini, yang ditandai dengan penumpukan lemak di hati. Perlemakan hati mungkin berkembang menjadi peradangan hati yang lebih serius dan juga kanker hati.

 

Merokok menyebabkan kanker kolorektal

Selain kanker paru-paru, merokok dalam jangka waktu yang lama berkaitan erat dengan peningkatan risiko kanker kolorektal. Meskipun hubungan langsung antara merokok dan kanker kolorektal tidak sekuat seperti hubungannya dengan kanker paru-paru, tetapi bukti ilmiah menunjukkan adanya keterkaitan yang signifikan.

Rokok mengandung berbagai zat karsinogenik yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan pada DNA sel-sel di dalam tubuh, termasuk sel-sel pada dinding usus besar. Pemaparan jangka panjang terhadap zat-zat berbahaya ini dapat memicu pertumbuhan sel kanker dan mempercepat perkembangan tumor kolorektal.

Merokok juga memengaruhi faktor-faktor lain yang berkontribusi terhadap risiko kanker kolorektal, seperti peradangan kronis pada usus, penyerapan nutrisi yang buruk, dan gangguan sistem kekebalan tubuh.

 

Baca Juga: Tanda-Tanda Awal Kanker Usus yang Sering Tidak Disadari

 

Merokok meningkatkan risiko batu empedu

Batu empedu terjadi akibat zat empedu yang mengeras dan berkembang di kantong empedu. Ukuran batu empedu bisa beragam, kecil hingga besar. Batu yang lebih kecil memungkinkan masalah yang lebih besar karena bisa bergerak dan tersangkut serta menyebabkan penyumbatan.

Merokok dapat berkontribusi pada pembentukan batu empedu. Nikotin yang terkandung di dalam rokok dapat menyebabkan perubahan dalam komposisi empedu, meningkatkan kadar kolesterol dalam empedu, dan mengganggu pengosongan empedu.

 

Untuk menurunkan semua risiko penyakit di atas, disarankan untuk berhenti merokok. Manfaatkan layanan telekonsultasi dengan dokter melalui aplikasi Ai Care yang bisa diunduh di Play Store atau App Store bila membutuhkan bantuan medis untuk berhenti merokok atau memiliki pertanyaan lain seputar risiko kesehatan terkait rokok.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Jumat, 23 Agustus 2024 | 09:38

John Hopkins Medicine. Smoking and the Digestive System. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/smoking-and-the-digestive-system 

Cancer Research UK (2023). What’s in a cigarette?. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer/whats-in-a-cigarette-0 

CDC (2020). Health Effects. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/index.htm 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Heartburn. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heartburn/symptoms-causes/syc-20373223 

Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA (2022). The Effect of Smoking on GERD and Acid Reflux. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd-acid-reflux/smoking-and-gerd 

Ana Ferro, et all (2019). Smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection: an individual participant pooled analysis (Stomach Cancer Pooling- StoP Project). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30272597/ 

National Cancer Institute (2022). New insights into why smoking causes fatty liver disease. Available from: https://ccr.cancer.gov/news/article/new-insights-into-why-smoking-causes-fatty-liver-disease 

American Cancer Society (2023). Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Gallstones. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.92msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 29 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 9875
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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