Mengenal Pengobatan HIV dan AIDS

Mengenal Pengobatan HIV dan AIDS

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adalah kondisi kronis yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa yang disebabkan oleh infeksi human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Virus HIV merusak sistem kekebalan tubuh dan mengganggu kemampuan tubuh untuk melawan infeksi dan penyakit.

HIV termasuk dalam penyakit infeksi menular seksual. HIV dapat menular melalui kontak dengan darah yang terinfeksi atau dari ibu ke anak selama kehamilan, persalinan atau menyusui, hubungan seksual tanpa pelindung, berbagi jarum suntik dengan orang yang terinfeksi HIV, dan melalui transfusi darah.

Gejala HIV dan AIDS

Gejala infeksi HIV dan AIDS bisa berbeda-beda. Umumnya gejala akan muncul berdasarkan tahapan perkembangan infeksi virus di dalam tubuh. Dilansir Mayo Clinic, berikut adalah gejalanya:

Gejala infeksi primer

Umumnya ketika pertama kali terinfeksi HIV, gejala yang muncul mirip seperti saat sedang flu. Gejala dapat muncul dalam waktu 2-4 minggu setelah virus masuk ke dalam tubuh. Gejalanya antara lain:

  • Demam
  • Sakit kepala
  • Nyeri sendi dan otot
  • Kulit kemerahan
  • Sakit tenggorokan dan sariawan
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Diare
  • Penurunan berat badan tanpa penyebab jelas
  • Batuk
  • Keringat di malam hari

Ketika virus terus berkembang, virus akan menghancurkan sel-sel kekebalan tubuh dan sel-sel yang membantu melawan kuman di dalam tubuh. Hal tersebut dapat menimbulkan gejala dan tanda-tanda kronis, diantaranya:

  • Demam
  • Kelelahan
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Diare
  • Penurunan berat badan
  • Infeksi jamur di mulut
  • Herpes zoster
  • Pneumonia

Tanpa pengobatan, infeksi HIV akan berkembang hingga tahap ketiga atau yang disebut dengan AIDS. Pada kondisi ini, sistem kekebalan tubuh telah mengalami kerusakan parah. Penyakit lain juga dapat menginfeksi tubuh sehingga membuat tubuh menjadi lebih lemah lagi.

Pengobatan HIV dan AIDS

Sangatlah penting untuk mendeteksi infeksi virus HIV sejak dini. Walaupun HIV ini tidak dapat disembuhkan, namun dengan deteksi dini dan pengobatan atau perawatan lebih awal, dapat mencegah HIV berkembang menjadi AIDS.

Dilansir CDC, tujuan pengobatan HIV adalah menurunkan jumlah virus HIV di dalam tubuh. Pengobatan utama yang dilakukan adalah terapi antiretroviral (ART). Pada kebanyakan orang terapi HIV dapat mengendalikan virus dalam waktu 6 bulan.

Manfaat pengobatan HIV

Adapun manfaat mengonsumsi obat HIV setiap hari sesuai dengan dosis yang dianjurkan oleh dokter antara lain:

  • Mengurangi jumlah virus HIV di dalam darah. Minum obat HIV sesuai dosis yang dianjurkan akan membantu menjaga viral load (jumlah virus HIV di dalam darah) tetap rendah dan jumlah CD4 tetap tinggi.
  • Membantu mencegah penyebaran virus. Jika viral load tidak terdeteksi di dalam darah, hal tersebut secara efektif tidak menimbulkan risiko terhadap penyebaran virus HIV.
  • Membantu mencegah terjadinya resistensi obat. Mengonsumsi obat HIV secara konsisten sesuai dosis yang dianjurkan membantu mencegah resistensi obat.

Efek samping pengobatan HIV

Pengobatan HIV dapat menyebabkan efek samping tertentu di dalam tubuh, antara lain seperti dilansir WebMD berikut:

  • Mual dan muntah
  • Diare
  • Kesulitan tidur
  • Mulut kering
  • Sakit kepala
  • Ruam kemerahan
  • Pusing
  • Kelelahan
  • Rasa nyeri di tubuh

Konsultasikan kembali kepada dokter apabila ada efek samping yang muncul yang dapat mengganggu aktivitas Anda. Laporkan juga apabila Anda pernah melewatkan dosis yang seharusnya di minum, agar dokter dapat membantu dengan mengubah rutinitas perawatan atau melakukan hal lain yang dapat membantu Anda.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 03:47

CDC (2021). What is HIV treatment?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/treatment.html

Mayo Clinic Staff (2020). HIV/AIDS. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524

Neha Pathak, MD (2021). How to Treat HIV. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/understanding-aids-hiv-treatment

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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