Manfaat dan Efek Samping Mengonsumsi Obat Antipsikotik

Manfaat dan Efek Samping Mengonsumsi Obat Antipsikotik
Ilustrasi obat. Credits: Freepik.

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Obat antipsikotik dikembangkan untuk mengobati kondisi yang terkait dengan psikosis, yaitu sekumpulan gejala yang memengaruhi kemampuan Anda dalam membedakan hal yang nyata dan tidak. Gejala psikosis bisa muncul pada beberapa gangguan mental seperti gangguan bipolar dan skizofrenia

Obat antipsikotik bekerja dengan mengurangi dan membantu mengontrol gejala psikotik seperti delusi, halusinasi, kecemasan, bicara yang kacau dan tidak koheren, kebingungan, atau perilaku kekerasan. Obat akan meredakan gejala agar tidak mengganggu kehidupan pasien sehari-hari. 

Bagaimana cara kerja obat antipsikotik ini dan apakah ada efek samping yang perlu diwaspadai?

 

Cara Kerja Obat Antipsikotik

Obat antipsikotik secara umum dikategorikan menjadi dua, yaitu generasi pertama (tipikal) yang pertama kali dikembangkan dan saat ini jarang digunakan, serta generasi kedua (atipikal) yang memiliki efek samping lebih sedikit. Keduanya memiliki cara kerja yang sedikit berbeda. Namun, secara umum mekanisme kerja obat antipsikotik adalah sebagai berikut:

Menghalangi aksi dopamin

Psikosis diyakini muncul karena kadar dopamin yang tinggi sehingga memengaruhi fungsi otak. Dopamin adalah sejenis neurotransmiter yang berperan untuk mengirim pesan sinyal dari satu bagian otak ke bagian lainnya. Selain itu, dopamin juga berperan dalam kontrol otot dan gerakan, serta perasaan bahagia dan motivasi.

Salah satu cara kerja obat antipsikotik adalah mengurangi aktivitas dopamin di otak. Diduga otak memproduksi terlalu banyak dopamin pada pasien dengan gejala psikosis. Dengan memblokir reseptor dopamin tertentu, diharapkan kadar dopamin bisa turun dan aktivitasnya seimbang dengan zat kimia lain di otak, sehingga gejala psikotik dapat diredakan. 

Memengaruhi bahan kimiawi otak lainnya

Selain dopamin, obat antipsikotik juga dapat memengaruhi neurotransmiter lain di otak seperti serotonin, noradrenalin, dan glutamat. Ada antipsikotik yang bekerja dengan menghambat reseptor serotonin. Pengaruh ini diyakini dapat membantu mengelola suasana hati sehingga meredakan gejala psikotik.

Baca Juga: Gangguan Bipolar Pada Anak-Anak, Apa Bedanya dengan Orang Dewasa?

 

Manfaat Obat Antipsikotik

Pasien yang diresepkan obat antipsikotik akan dimonitor oleh dokter selama beberapa minggu pertama, seperti bila terjadi perbaikan gejala serta efek samping yang dapat muncul. Pada pasien, terapi dengan obat antipsikotik bisa membantu mengatasi berbagai gejala psikosis dan masalah mental lain yang terkait dengan otak. Selain itu, obat ini juga dapat mengurangi risiko munculnya gejala psikosis di masa depan dan membantu pasien merasa lebih stabil serta bisa beraktivitas sehari-hari.

Baca Juga: Waspada Tanda-Tanda Skizofrenia pada Remaja

 

Risiko dan Efek Samping Obat Antipsikotik

Obat antipsikotik generasi pertama maupun kedua sama-sama memiliki efek samping dan risiko komplikasinya masing-masing. Namun, obat generasi kedua diklaim memiliki efek samping yang lebih sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan antipsikotik generasi pertama. Obat generasi kedua juga cenderung tidak menyebabkan gangguan gerak yang signifikan.

Berikut adalah kemungkinan efek samping dan risiko komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi dari obat antipsikotik, di antaranya:

  • Gangguan pergerakan otot seperti:
    • Akathisia, yaitu adanya sensasi yang membuat pasien cenderung mau bergerak dan tidak mampu diam
    • Tardive dyskinesia, yaitu gerakan otot wajah yang tidak terkontrol
    • Tremor atau gemetar
    • Gejala parkinsonisme, kondisi otak yang menyebabkan gerakan melambat, kekakuan dan tremor
    • Sindrom neuroleptik maligna, kondisi berbahaya dan membahayakan nyawa yang bisa muncul terkait pemakaian obat antipsikotik
  • Hipotensi ortostatik, atau penurunan tekanan darah saat perubahan posisi dari duduk atau tidur ke berdiri, yang dapat menyebabkan pusing atau pingsan saat berdiri
  • Gejala seperti pusing, sakit kepala atau pandangan kabur
  • Mulut kering
  • Mudah mengantuk atau tidak berenergi
  • Keluhan pencernaan seperti mual atau sembelit
  • Penambahan berat badan
  • Efek pada metabolisme seperti peningkatan kolesterol, gula darah, atau risiko diabetes tipe 2
  • Kadar prolaktin tinggi (hiperprolaktinemia) yang dapat memengaruhi kesuburan, bisa menyebabkan tidak menstruasi pada wanita serta memengaruhi disfungsi seksual pada pria
  • Perubahan warna kulit dan bagian putih mata menjadi kuning (jaundice)

 

Perlu dicatat bahwa tidak semua orang akan mengalami efek samping yang sama. Efek samping yang muncul pada setiap orang bisa berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk berbicara dengan dokter apabila Anda mengalami efek samping yang mungkin dapat memengaruhi kondisi kesehatan dan juga kehidupan sehari-hari.

Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan terkait obat antipsikotik dan kondisi psikosis dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Kamis, 14 Desember 2023 | 07:44

Cleveland Clinic (2023). Antipsychotic Medications. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24692-antipsychotic-medications 

Mind UK (2023). Antipsychotics. Available from: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/antipsychotics/about-antipsychotics/ 

Better Health Channel. Antipsychotic medications. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antipsychotic-medications 

Health Direct (2021). Antipsychotic medications. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/antipsychotic-medications 

Hope Cristol (2023). What Is Dopamine?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-dopamine 

Jason Patel and Raman Marwaha (2023). Akathisia. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519543 

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Tardive Dyskinesia. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/tardive-dyskinesia 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/orthostatic-hypotension/symptoms-causes/syc-20352548 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Hyperlipidemia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21656-hyperlipidemia 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Hyperglycemia in diabetes. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631 

John Hopkins Medicine. Hyperprolactinemia. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hyperprolactinemia 

NHS UK (2021). Jaundice. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/ 

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    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.2msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7877 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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