Benarkah Merokok Rendah Nikotin Lebih Minim Risiko bagi Ibu Hamil?

Benarkah Merokok Rendah Nikotin Lebih Minim Risiko bagi Ibu Hamil?
Credit: Freepik

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Merokok diketahui memiliki sejumlah bahaya bagi kesehatan, termasuk bagi ibu hamil. Rokok mengandung nikotin dan ratusan zat berbahaya lainnya yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan bagi ibu dan janin. Fakta ini kemudian memunculkan anggapan bahwa merokok dengan kadar nikotin yang lebih rendah dianggap lebih aman bagi kehamilan. Benarkah demikian?

 

Apa Itu Rokok Rendah Nikotin? 

Kadar nikotin dalam sebatang rokok cukup bervariasi, rata-rata sekitar 10-14 mg per batang, bisa kurang atau lebih. Kadar nikotin ini cukup tinggi dan dianggap dapat menimbulkan efek berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Saat ini telah banyak beredar rokok dengan kadar nikotin rendah, ada produk baru yang mengeklaim hanya mengandung sekitar 0,2-0,7 mg nikotin.

Rokok dengan kadar nikotin rendah ini dianggap lebih aman tidak menyebabkan kecanduan serta dapat membantu orang yang ingin sembuh dari kecanduan rokok. Apakah benar begitu?

Baca Juga: Inilah yang Terjadi pada Kulit Saat Anda Berhenti Merokok

 

Bahaya Rokok Rendah Nikotin bagi Kehamilan

Meskipun memiliki kadar nikotin lebih rendah, namun rokok rendah nikotin tetap memiliki sejumlah bahaya bagi kesehatan. Pasalnya, kadar zat-zat berbahaya yang ada dalam rokok tersebut serupa dengan rokok biasa, hanya nikotin saja yang rendah. Jadi bisa dikatakan hanya efek samping terkait nikotin saja yang berkurang, namun rokok rendah nikotin tetap sama buruknya dengan rokok biasa.

Lalu bagaimana efeknya pada janin dan ibu hamil? Dilansir dari Healthline, sebuah penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa paparan nikotin dan alkohol meskipun dalam jumlah sedikit tetap dapat membahayakan kesehatan janin dan ibu hamil.

Dalam sebuah penelitian tahun 2020 diterbitkan Columbia University New York mengungkapkan bahwa janin yang terpapar alkohol dan nikotin baik itu di awal kehamilan maupun sepanjang kehamilan, dalam jumlah sedikit maupun tinggi, dapat mengalami perubahan aktivitas otak. Perubahan ini bisa terlihat pada pengukuran menggunakan EEG (elektroensefalografi), suatu pemeriksaan aktivitas listrik di otak.

Temuan ini penting karena hasil EEG dapat berpotensi digunakan sebagai penanda objektif dan noninvasif untuk memeriksa hubungan antara perkembangan neurobehavioral dengan risiko gangguan perkembangan pada usia lanjut.

Dalam hasil temuan tersebut para ahli berpendapat bahwa paparan alkohol dan nikotin selama kehamilan menyebabkan gangguan kecerdasan dan berperan dalam angka kesakitan dan kematian. Para ahli menyimpulkan bahwa paparan dalam jumlah kecil pun dapat merusak kesehatan bayi tidak lama setelah lahir.

Pada janin, efek samping merokok selama kehamilan di antaranya:

  • Berkurangnya pasokan oksigen akibat karbon monoksida dan nikotin dalam asap tembakau
  • Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin lebih lambat
  • Peningkatan risiko cacat lahir seperti bibir atau langit-langit mulut yang sumbing
  • Gerakan bayi lebih lemah di dalam rahim
  • Gangguan perkembangan dan kerja plasenta
  • Perkembangan otak dan paru janin yang lambat

 

Sedangkan beberapa komplikasi kehamilan yang dapat dialami oleh ibu hamil yang merokok antara lain:

Kehamilan ektopik

Kehamilan ektopik adalah kehamilan yang terjadi di luar rahim, umumnya terjadi di saluran tuba falopi. Asap rokok dapat merusak sel pada saluran tuba falopi hingga menyebabkan sumbatan dan kerusakan pada saluran tersebut. 

Baca Juga: Bagaimana Rokok dapat Memengaruhi Kesuburan Pria?

 

Keguguran dan kematian janin

Asap rokok mengandung berbagai zat kimia yang dapat mengganggu perkembangan janin. Paparan zat kimia pada rokok juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya masalah pada plasenta sehingga menghambat pasokan darah dan nutrisi pada janin. Kurangnya pasokan darah dan oksigen dapat meningkatkan risiko keguguran hingga kematian janin.

 

Adanya masalah dengan plasenta 

Kebiasaan merokok selama hamil juga meningkatkan risiko gangguan plasenta yang menyebabkan komplikasi kehamilan seperti solusio plasenta atau plasenta previa. Solusio plasenta adalah terlepasnya sebagian atau keseluruhan plasenta dari dinding rahim sebelum waktunya persalinan, sementara plasenta previa adalah kondisi di mana sebagian atau seluruh plasenta yang terbentuk menutupi jalan lahir.

 

Kelahiran prematur

Merokok selama kehamilan juga dapat meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur. Bayi yang lahir prematur berisiko melewatkan pertumbuhan penting yang terjadi di dalam rahim selama minggu dan bulan terakhir kehamilan. 

 

Berat badan bayi lahir rendah

Paparan zat kimia dalam rokok baik dari ibu hamil yang merokok maupun ibu hamil sebagai perokok pasif juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan berat badan bayi lahir rendah. Kelahiran prematur juga berisiko menyebabkan bayi mengalami masalah pernapasan, keterlambatan perkembangan dan masalah pendengaran atau penglihatan.

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Selasa, 28 Mei 2024 | 03:57

Hicks, T. (2020). Even Low Levels of tobacco and alcohol Pregnancy pregnancy can impact an infant’s Brain Development. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/low-levels-tobacco-alcohol-during-pregnancy-impact-infant-brain-development#What-the-study-revealed

CDC: Smoking During Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/pregnancy/index.htm#

Carlson, J. (2020). 8 Dangers of Smoking While Pregnant. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking-and-pregnancy

Radcliffe, S.(2019). Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/fda-approves-low-dose-nicotine-cigarette-will-it-help

Better Health: Pregnancy and Smoking. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-and-smoking

ACOG: Tobacco and Nicotine Cessation During Pregnancy. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/05/tobacco-and-nicotine-cessation-during-pregnancy

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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