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  • Kenali Jenis Demensia, Ternyata Penyebab dan Gejalanya Beragam

Kenali Jenis Demensia, Ternyata Penyebab dan Gejalanya Beragam

Kenali Jenis Demensia, Ternyata Penyebab dan Gejalanya Beragam

Bagikan :


Demensia secara umum ditunjukkan melalui gejala penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dapat mengganggu kehidupan sehari-hari. Demensia sendiri sebenarnya bukanlah suatu penyakit tunggal karena ia lebih mirip seperti payung bagi berbagai kondisi medis lainnya. Penurunan fungsi kognitif ini menyebabkan kemampuan berpikir, mengingat, memecahkan masalah, dan logika menjadi terganggu. Ada juga pasien demensia yang mengalami perubahan kepribadian dan tidak bisa mengendalikan emosi mereka.

Dilansir NIH dan Mayo Clinic, ada lima jenis demensia yang paling sering muncul dan termasuk ke dalam kelompok demensia yang bersifat progresif di bawah ini.

Kelompok demensia progresif

  • Penyakit alzheimer - penyakit alzheimer adalah diagnosis demensia yang paling sering ditemukan, menyumbang 60-80% kasus dalam demensia. 
  • Demensia vaskular - penyebab demensia tersering setelah penyakit alzheimer, yang disebabkan oleh adanya sumbatan pembuluh darah dan perdarahan mikroskopik di otak. 
  • Demensia badan Lewy - jenis demensia yang disebabkan karena adanya gumpalan protein abnormal seperti balon yang ditemukan di otak, dan disebut dengan badan Lewy.
  • Demensia frontotemporal - Biasanya penyakit ini muncul pada orang yang berusia kurang dari 60 tahun. Gejalanya mempengaruhi perilaku, kepribadian, pemikiran, bahasa, penilaian, dan pergerakan tubuh.
  • Demensia campuran - demensia yang disebabkan oleh kombinasi dua atau tiga jenis demensia secara bersamaan.

Penyebab

Pada penyakit alzheimer, para ahli menemukan bahwa ada penumpukan protein yang tidak normal, dikenal sebagai plak amiloid dan protein tau. Penumpukan plak ini diperkirakan merusak neuron sehat dan serat saraf yang menghubungkannya. Demensia vaskular sendiri terjadi karena cedera iskemia pada otak, yang menyebabkan aliran darah dan oksigen yang menuju ke otak menjadi terganggu, dan serat-serat bagian white matter dalam otak turut mengalami kerusakan.

Pada demensia badan lewy, terjadi agregasi atau mengumpulnya protein alpha-synuclein di otak yang disebut dengan badan lewy. Sedangkan pada demensia frontotemporal, terjadi beragam mutasi yang menyebabkan macam-macam protein, salah satunya adalah protein tau dan TDP-43, berkumpul di white matter otak. Penyakit ini dicirikan dengan kerusakan sel-sel saraf dan koneksi antar saraf lobus frontal dan temporal di otak.

Gejala demensia

Biasanya, gejala pada pasien demensia bisa dikelompokkan mulai dari ringan sampai berat. Pasien bisa merasa tersesat di lingkungan rumah yang harusnya familiar. Pasien juga mulai mengalami gangguan memori, mudah lupa, dan perubahan suasana perasaan. Gangguan fungsi kognitifnya lama-lama dapat membuat pasien kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dan memiliki ketergantungan pada anggota keluarnya. Gejala-gejala lain juga bisa muncul tergantung jenis demensia yang dialami pasien.

Untuk mendiagnosa demensia, selain mengajukan pertanyaan terkait riwayat kesehatan, dokter juga akan melakukan prosedur pemeriksaan fisik. Rangkaian pemeriksaan dilakukan untuk mencari penyebabnya, sehingga dapat diketahui apakah gejala demensia dapat diobati atau tidak. Apabila Anda atau anggota keluarga Anda mulai mengalami gejala-gejala yang terkait dengan demensia, lakukan pemeriksaan ke dokter atau rumah sakit untuk mengetahui kondisi yang sedang Anda alami. Deteksi demensia dini dapat membantu Anda mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat dan risiko perburukan gejala.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 11:19

Alzheimer's Association. What Is Dementia? (2021). Available from: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia

National Institute on Aging. What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis (2021). Available from: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-is-dementia

Mayo Clinic. Dementia (2021). Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013

Emmady P, Tadi P. Dementia (2021). NCBI Statpearl. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557444/

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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