Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Menstruasi yang Mungkin Dialami

Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Menstruasi yang Mungkin Dialami
Ilustrasi gangguan menstruasi. Credits: Freepik

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Menstruasi adalah proses alami yang dialami wanita usia produktif setiap bulan. Ini ditandai dengan keluarnya darah dari rahim melalui vagina.

Menstruasi yang lancar biasanya ditandai dengan siklus yang konsisten, berkisar 3-7 hari, volume darah normal, nyeri yang minim, dan tidak adanya gejala yang tidak biasa. Sayangnya, tidak semua mengalami menstruasi yang lancar. Gangguan menstruasi dapat memengaruhi kesehatan secara keseluruhan dan juga menyebabkan kesulitan hamil.

 

Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Menstruasi

Gangguan menstruasi bisa disebabkan berbagai faktor, termasuk ketidakseimbangan hormon, kondisi medis, gaya hidup tidak sehat dan konsumsi obat-obatan. Berikut adalah beberapa jenis gangguan menstruasi yang bisa terjadi:

Amenore

Amenore atau amenorrhea adalah tidak adanya menstruasi, yang dibedakan menjadi dua jenis, primer dan sekunder. Amenore primer adalah kondisi di mana Anda belum mendapatkan menstruasi pertama di usia 15 tahun. Kondisi ini bisa disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik, kelainan struktur reproduksi, masalah hormon, atau masalah kesehatan lainnya.

Sedangkan, amenore sekunder adalah kondisi di mana menstruasi tidak hadir selama tiga bulan berturut-turut atau lebih. Ini bisa disebabkan oleh kehamilan, menyusui, menopause, penggunaan alat kontrasepsi, stres dan gaya hidup, gangguan hormon atau masalah kesehatan seperti tumor di kelenjar pituitari serta penyakit kronis lainnya.

Oligomenorea

Oligomenorea adalah kondisi di mana siklus menstruasi tidak teratur atau sulit diprediksi atau dengan interval lebih dari 35 hari, padahal normalnya berkisar 21-35 hari. Kondisi ini bisa disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan hormon, stres dan gaya hidup, penggunaan kontrasepsi, menopause dan kondisi kesehatan lain seperti diabetes melitus, gangguan makan maupun penyakit kronis.

Baca Juga: Masalah yang Menyebabkan Menstruasi Tidak Normal

Dismenore

Dismenore adalah nyeri menstruasi yang sangat parah, yang bisa didasari kondisi medis atau tanpa kondisi medis lain. Umumnya, dismenore disertai gejala seperti kram perut bagian bawah yang parah, nyeri punggung bagian bawah, mual atau muntah, diare, dan pusing atau sakit kepala.

Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia adalah kondisi di mana menstruasi berlangsung lebih lama dari biasanya disertai perdarahan yang sangat banyak. Pada menorrhagia, menstruasi berlangsung lebih dari 7 hari dengan volume perdarahan berlebih, dan gumpalan darah besar yang muncul.

Metrorrhagia

Metrorrhagia adalah perdarahan menstruasi di antara periode menstruasi yang teratur. Ini bisa menjadi tanda masalah medis, seperti ketidakseimbangan hormon, masalah struktural pada rahim, penggunaan kontrasepsi, penyakit radang panggul, infeksi menular seksual, gangguan pembekuan darah, gangguan tiroid, atau diabetes.

Polimenorea

Polimenorea adalah kondisi di mana siklus menstruasi sangat sering terjadi, dengan interval waktu kurang dari 21 hari. Kondisi ini bisa disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan hormon, PCOS, masalah pada kelenjar tiroid, stres dan gaya hidup, penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal, penyakit radang panggul, tumor atau polip rahim.

Baca Juga: Anemia Saat Menstruasi, Bagaimana Cara Mencegahnya?

Hipomenorea

Hipomenorea adalah menstruasi tidak normal, di mana menstruasi terjadi dengan aliran darah yang sangat ringan seperti flek. Pada kondisi ini, durasi menstruasi berlangsung sangat singkat dan lebih pendek dari biasanya.

Hipermenorea

Berkebalikan dengan hipomenorea, hipermenorea adalah menstruasi yang berlangsung lebih lama disertai aliran darah yang sangat berat. Kondisi ini berbeda dengan menorrhagia, di mana hipermenorea merujuk pada perdarahan dengan volume lebih dari 90 ml, tetapi dengan durasi siklus menstruasi yang normal yaitu antara 3-7 hari.

 

Apabila Anda mengalami gangguan menstruasi atau gejala menstruasi yang mengkhawatirkan, sebaiknya segera berkonsultasi dengan dokter atau ahli kandungan. Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi Ai Care dengan mengunduhnya melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 29 Juli 2024 | 08:14

Mayo Clinic (2023). Menstrual cycle: What's normal, what's not. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/menstrual-cycle/art-20047186 

Mayo Clinic (2023). Amenorrhea. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amenorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20369299 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Oligomenorrhea. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22834-oligomenorrhea 

John Hopkins Medicine. Dysmenorrhea. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/dysmenorrhea 

Cleveland Clinic (2024). Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17734-menorrhagia-heavy-menstrual-bleeding 

Tracee Cornforth (2022). Polymenorrhea and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-polymenorrhea-2721871 

W. Newton Long. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK282 

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.57msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5370 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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