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  • Hipersomnia, Gangguan Tidur : Rasa Mengantuk yang Berlebihan

Hipersomnia, Gangguan Tidur : Rasa Mengantuk yang Berlebihan

Hipersomnia, Gangguan Tidur : Rasa Mengantuk yang Berlebihan

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Berkebalikan dengan insomnia, di mana Anda memiliki kesulitan untuk tidur. Hipersomnia adalah kondisi mengantuk yang tidak tertahankan dan membuat seseorang bisa tertidur kapan saja dan di mana saja.

Mereka yang mengalami hipersomnia bisa tertidur ditengah pekerjaan atau pelajaran sekolah, bahkan saat sedang menyetir. Umumnya, meskipun sudah cukup tidur, penderita akan merasa kelelahan, kehabisan energi dan sulit berpikir jernih.

Dilansir Sleep Foundation berikut adalah penyebab hipersomnia.

Hipersomnia primer

Hipersomnia primer adalah kondisi hipersomnia yang terjadi dengan sendiri, bukan disebabkan oleh kondisi lainnya. Hipersomnia primer dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis:

  • Narkolepsi tipe 1 atau yang disebut juga narkolepsi dengan katapleksi. Merupakan gangguan neurologis kronis yang disebabkan oleh jumlah neurotransmitter (zat kimia pembawa pesan untuk mengirimkan sinyal dari sel saraf ke sel target) yang disebut orexin yang jumlahnya tidak mencukupi. Gejalanya berupa kelemahan otot tiba-tiba, kelumpuhan saat tidur dan halusinasi.
  • Narkolepsi tipe 2 : gejalanya mirip dengan narkolepsi 1 namun gangguannya tidak disebabkan oleh hilangnya orexin.
  • Sindrom Kleine-Levin. Sindrom ini ditandai dengan episode berulang hipersomnolen yang terjadi bersamaan dengan gangguan mental, perilaku dan kejiwaan.
  • Hipersomnia yang belum diketahui penyebabnya (idiopatik). Jika pasien mengalami kantuk berlebihan tanpa katapleksi, biasanya pasien tidak merasa lebih baik meskipun sudah cukup tidur. 

Hipersomnia sekunder

Adalah rasa kantuk berlebihan yang seringkali disebabkan oleh kondisi medis lainnya seperti, obat-obatan, paparan zat tertentu, dan gangguan jiwa, serta tidak cukup tidur.

Hipersomnia sekunder dibagi menjadi beberapa tipe:

  • Hipersomnia yang disebabkan kondisi medis seperti parkinson, epilepsi, hipotiroidisme, sklerosis multipel, dan obesitas. Hipersomnia juga bisa disebabkan akibat adanya tumor, cedera kepala, dan penyakit yang disebabkan gangguan sistem saraf.
  • Hipersomnia yang disebabkan paparan zat atau obat-obatan seperti obat-obatan yang mengandung sedasi (efek kantuk) dan alkohol.
  • Sindrom tidak cukup tidur, di mana seseorang terus-menerus gagal mendapatkan tidur yang cukup. Kebiasaan tidur yang buruk seperti bergadang dapat menyebabkan seseorang tidak mendapatkan kualitas tidur yang baik.
  • Hipersomnia yang berhubungan dengan gangguan kejiwaan misalnya seperti depresi, bipolar, dan gangguan afektif (perasaan).

Diagnosa

Jika saat ini Anda seringkali merasa mengantuk yang terus menerus di siang hari dan rasanya tidak tertahankan, sebaiknya konsultasikan dengan dokter Anda. Umumnya dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan dengan pengecekan latar belakang dan riwayat tidur Anda.

Apabila dokter mencurigai adanya suatu kelainan maka dokter akan merekomendasikan tes darah, CT scan atau polysomnografi.

Pengobatan

Jika dokter telah mendiagnosa kondisi Anda dengan hipersomnia, maka dokter akan memberikan beberapa resep obat misalnya seperti obat stimulan atau antidepresan.

Apabila diagnosa Anda adalah sleep apnea (terhentinya napas saat sedang tidur yang bersifat sementara), maka dokter akan melakukan perawatan CPAP (Continous Positive Airway Pressure merupakan terapi untuk sleep apnea).

Jika Anda minum obat yang menyebabkan kantuk, konsultasikan kepada dokter Anda untuk mengganti obat yang tidak menyebabkan kantuk. Anda juga dapat menghindari mengonsumsi minuman yang mengandung kafein dan alkohol sebelum tidur. 

Apakah saat ini Anda sering mengalami tidur berlebihan tetapi tubuh masih terasa lelah? Periksakan diri Anda ke dokter, agar dokter bisa mengetahui penyebab kondisi Anda. 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 13:25
  1. Rob Newsom. Hypersomnia (2021). Available from : https://www.sleepfoundation.org/hypersomnia
  2. Nayana Ambardekar, MD. Sleep and Hypersomnia (2021). Available from : https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/hypersomnia
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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