Infeksi Virus Nipah, Kenali Gejala dan Penyebabnya

Infeksi Virus Nipah, Kenali Gejala dan Penyebabnya
Ilustrasi virus Nipah. Credit: Freepik

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Virus Nipah termasuk jenis penyakit zoonosis yaitu penyakit yang dapat menular dari hewan. Penyakit ini banyak dijumpai di negara Asia seperti India, Bangladesh dan negara Asia Tenggara lainnya. Infeksi virus Nipah dapat menyerang otak dan bersifat mematikan. Hingga saat ini belum ditemukan pengobatan dan vaksin untuk mencegah keparahan infeksi virus tersebut.

 

Apa Itu Virus Nipah?

Virus Nipah (NiV) adalah virus yang menyebar dari hewan ke manusia. Umumnya virus ini menyebar melalui kelelawar buah, namun juga dapat menbyebar melalui hewan lainnya seperti kambing, kuda, anjing dan kucing.

Virus ini dapat menyebar dari hewan ke manusia melalui kontak langsung antara manusia dengan cairan tubuh hewan (darah, air kencing, tinja, air liur) yang terinfeksi virus tersebut. Selain itu virus ini juga dapat masuk ke tubuh manusia jika manusia makan makanan yang telah terkontaminasi virus Nipah. Orang yang merawat hewan terinfeksi virus Nipah juga berisiko tinggi tertular.

Baca Juga: Mengenal Echovirus 11, Virus yang Memicu Gagal Organ pada Bayi

 

Gejala Virus Nipah

Gejala virus Nipah dapat berkembang 4-14 hari setelah terpapar virus. Beberapa gejala awal yang muncul antara lain sakit kepala, demam, batuk dan gangguan pernapasan lainnya. Selain itu gejala yang juga dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Batuk dan sakit tenggorokan
  • Diare
  • Mual dan muntah
  • Nyeri otot dan lemas

Pada kasus yang sangat parah, seseorang dapat mengalami infeksi otak (ensefalitis) yang berakibat fatal. Beberapa gejala infeksi cukup parah antara lain:

  • Kebingungan dan disorientasi
  • Bicara tidak jelas
  • Kejang
  • Koma
  • Gangguan pernapasan

Baca Juga: Cara Mencegah Terinfeksi Virus Marburg

 

Bagaimana Virus Nipah Menyebar? 

Kasus infeksi virus Nipah pertama kali ditemukan setelah seseorang melakukan kontak langsung pada babi yang sekarat. Para ahli kemudian menemukan bahwa virus ini berasal dari kelelawar yang kemudian menularkan virus tersebut pada babi.

Jika hewan terkontaminasi cairan tubuh kelelawar atau hewan yang terinfeksi virus Nipah, maka ia juga berisiko terinfeksi virus Nipah. Sama halnya dengan manusia, jika terpapar dengan cairan tubuh hewan yang terkontaminasi maka akan berisiko terpapar virus Nipah.

Ketika seseorang terinfeksi virus Nipah, ia dapat menularkan virus tersebut ke orang lain melalui cairan tubuhnya seperti air seni, tinja, darah, dan air liur. Artinya, jika Anda merawat atau melakukan kontak langsung dengan orang yang terinfeksi virus Nipah, Anda berisiko terinfeksi jika terkena percikan air liur saat orang tersebut batuk atau bersin. Untuk itu bagi orang yang merawat pasien terinfeksi virus Nipah dianjurkan menggunakan alat pelindung diri yang memadai. 

 

Penanganan dan Pencegahan Virus Nipah

Untuk saat ini belum ada vaksin dan pengobatan untuk menyembuhkan virus Nipah. Penanganan yang diberikan bertujuan untuk meredakan gejala yang muncul dan mencegah infeksi virus berkembang semakin parah. Beberapa penanganan yang dapat diberikan pada pasien antara lain:

  • Memberikan asupan cairan yang cukup
  • Memastikan istirahat yang cukup
  • Memberi obat-obatan ibuprofen atau acetaminophen untuk meredakan demam dan nyeri di tubuh
  • Memberi obat-obatan untuk meredakan mual atau muntah
  • Memberi inhaler atau nebulizer untuk melancarkan pernapasan
  • Memberi obat anti-kejang jika mengalami kejang

Mengingat virus Nipah belum diketahui obat dan vaksinnya, maka diperlukan langkah pencegahan agar virus Nipah tidak menyebar luas. Jika Anda tinggal atau bepergian ke daerah endemi Nipah, beberapa langkah pencegahan yang bisa Anda lakukan antara lain:

  • Sering mencuci tangan
  • Menghindari kontak dengan babi atau kelelawar yang sakit
  • Membersihkan dan disinfeksi peternakan babi
  • Menghindari pohon atau semak tempat kelelawar tinggal
  • Menghindari makan atau minum yang mungkin terkontaminasi seperti buah-buahan
  • Menghindari kontak dengan air liur, darah atau cairan tubuh pengidap virus

 

Virus Nipah merupakan virus yang menyebar dari hewan ke manusia. Untuk menghindari infeksi virus, sebaiknya hindari kontak dengan kelelawar, kuda atau hewan liar lainnya. Jika memiliki pertanyaan seputar kesehatan, Anda bisa memanfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 3 Juni 2024 | 04:31

Infeksi Emerging, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Penyakit Virus Nipah. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/penyakit-virus/penyakit-virus-nipah

Cleveland Clinic. Nipah Virus. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25085-nipah-virus#

Benisek, A. (2021). Nipah Virus: What You Should Know. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/nipah-virus-what-to-know

Thomas, L. Nipah Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Nipah-Virus-Infection-Signs-and-Symptoms.aspx

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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