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Jenis Bakteri yang Paling Sering Menyebabkan Keracunan Makanan

Jenis Bakteri yang Paling Sering Menyebabkan Keracunan Makanan
Credits: Freepik

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Keracunan makanan dapat terjadi setelah seseorang mengonsumsi makanan atau minuman yang sudah terpapar mikroba. Sebagian besar keracunan makanan menyebabkan gejala yang ringan dan bisa sembuh tanpa pengobatan, namun terkadang juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit parah dan komplikasi.

 

Gejala Keracunan Makanan

Gejala dan keparahan dari keracunan makanan bisa bervariasi tergantung mikroba yang mengontaminasi makanan. Gejalanya mungkin muncul beberapa jam setelah makan atau setelah beberapa lama.

Gejala keracunan makanan meliputi:

  • Rasa tidak nyaman, kram atau nyeri di perut
  • Diare yang juga bisa disertai dengan darah
  • Muntah
  • Demam
  • Sakit kepala

Walaupun jarang, ada beberapa kasus keracunan makanan yang ditemukan memengaruhi sistem saraf dan menyebabkan gejala berat seperti:

  • Sakit kepala
  • Penglihatan kabur atau ganda
  • Kesulitan menelan
  • Kesulitan menggerakkan persendian tubuh bagian atas
  • Kesemutan atau mati rasa di kulit
  • Tubuh melemah
  • Perubahan suara saat berbicara

Baca Juga: Selain Mencegah Keracunan, Inilah Manfaat Zat Karbon Aktif

 

Bakteri Penyebab Keracunan Makanan

Bakteri adalah salah satu penyebab umum keracunan makanan. Gejalanya bervariasi tergantung pada jenis bakteri penyebabnya.

Berikut adalah beberapa jenis bakteri yang paling sering menyebabkan keracunan makanan, di antaranya:

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus adalah bakteri yang ditemukan terutama pada nasi dan sisa makanan, saus, sup serta makanan siap saji yang didiamkan terlalu lama pada suhu ruangan. Setelah memakan makanan yang terpapar bakteri ini, dalam 30 menit atau 6 jam Anda mungkin muntah-muntah atau bisa mengalami diare setelah 6-12 jam.

Rasa sakitnya bisa bertahan hingga 24 jam. Anda cukup beristirahat dan minum cukup air untuk mencegah dehidrasi karena umumnya penyakit akan hilang dengan sendirinya.

 

Campylobacter

Campylobacter adalah bakteri yang ditemukan pada susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi, ayam mentah atau yang tidak dimasak dengan matang, sayur yang tidak dicuci dengan benar, kerang, atau air yang terkontaminasi. 

Masa inkubasi bakteri ini 2-5 hari, di mana Anda bisa mengalami keluhan pencernaan seperti diare, kram perut, demam, muntah, atau diare berdarah selama 7 hari.

Pada kasus ini, Anda membutuhkan istirahat dan asupan cairan yang cukup untuk mencegah dehidrasi. Jika gejalanya tampak memburuk dan tidak kunjung membaik, Anda perlu memeriksakan diri ke dokter dan mendapatkan pengobatan.

 

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens adalah salah satu bakteri penyebab keracunan yang cukup sering ditemukan pada daging mentah, unggas, usus hewan, kuah daging atau makanan sisa yang sudah ditinggalkan dalam waktu lama di suhu ruangan. Bakteri ini memiliki lapisan pelindung untuk dapat bertahan hidup di suhu tertentu (sekitar 1 - 60 derajat Celcius). Setelah bakteri masuk ke dalam tubuh, mereka akan menghasilkan racun yang menyebabkan kram perut dan diare.

Dalam kasus yang ringan, gejalanya dialami kurang dari 24 jam. Tetapi pada kondisi yang berat, keluhan mungkin dirasakan selama 1-2 minggu.

Baca Juga: Tanda-Tanda bila Hati Mengalami Keracunan (Hepatitis Toksik)

 

E. coli

Escherichia coli adalah bakteri yang bisa ditemukan di lingkungan, makanan terkontaminasi, serta usus manusia dan hewan. Ada beberapa jenis bakteri E. coli yang bisa menyebabkan Anda sakit. Mengonsumsi air dan makananan terkontaminasi seperti susu atau jus buah yang tidak dipasteurisasi, buah dan sayuran yang tidak dicuci dengan baik, atau daging yang tidak matang bisa membuat Anda terinfeksi.

Infeksi bakteri ini akibat keracunan makanan bisa menyebabkan diare berat yang dapat disertai darah, sakit perut hebat dan juga muntah. 

 

Salmonella

Salmonella adalah jenis bakteri yang bisa ditemukan pada sayur, ayam, daging merah, buah-buahan, kecambah, kacang-kacangan dan juga telur. Masa inkubasi dari infeksi berlangsung sekitar 6 jam hingga 6 hari.

Ketika masuk ke dalam tubuh, bakteri ini akan menghancurkan sel-sel di dinding usus sehingga menyebabkan tubuh kesulitan menyerap air. Akibatnya perut terasa kram dan sakit. Di sisi lain, Anda kehilangan lebih banyak cairan tubuh saat diare dan muntah.

 

Masih ada banyak jenis bakteri yang bisa menyebabkan keracunan makanan. Untuk mencegahnya, pastikan selalu mencuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah menyiapkan makanan, pisahkan pisau dan talenan yang digunakan untuk makanan mentah dan matang. Konsultasikan dengan dokter melalui aplikasi Ai Care apabila mengalami gejala keracunan setelah makan makanan tertentu.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Selasa, 9 Mei 2023 | 08:17

FoodSafety.gov (2021). Bacteria and Viruses. Available from: https://www.foodsafety.gov/food-poisoning/bacteria-and-viruses 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Food poisoning. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230 

Rachel H. McDowell, et all (2023). Bacillus Cereus. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459121/ 

KidsHealth (2022). Campylobacter Infections. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/campylobacter.html 

FoodSafety.gov (2023). Prevent Illness from C. perfringens. Available from: https://www.foodsafety.gov/blog/prevent-illness-c-perfringens 

CDC (2022). E. coli (Escherichia coli). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Salmonella. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.91msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9613 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.86msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5923 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8153 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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