Apa Itu Gagal Ginjal dan Bagaimana Penanganannya?

Apa Itu Gagal Ginjal dan Bagaimana Penanganannya?

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Ginjal berperan penting untuk menyaring darah dari racun, serta mengembalikan vitamin dan zat-zat penting lainnya ke dalam darah. Hasil penyaringan ginjal menghasilkan limbah yang dikenal dengan urine atau air seni. Apabila terjadi kerusakan pada ginjal dan tidak ditangani dengan baik, hal ini dapat menyebabkan gagal ginjal.

 

Apa itu gagal ginjal?

Gagal ginjal adalah kondisi di mana salah satu atau kedua ginjal tidak lagi dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Ginjal tidak mampu menyaring zat sisa, sehingga badan mengalami penumpukan limbah dan zat kimia.

Secara umum, gagal ginjal dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu gagal ginjal akut dan gagal ginjal kronis. Gagal ginjal akut terjadi ketika ginjal tiba-tiba tidak berfungsi optimal dalam waktu singkat, sedangkan gagal ginjal kronis merupakan penyakit ginjal yang sudah terjadi selama menahun.

Dilansir dari Healthline, ada beberapa tipe gagal ginjal antara lain:

  • Gagal ginjal prerenal akut yaitu gagal ginjal yang disebabkan oleh minimnya aliran darah yang masuk ke ginjal. Jenis gagal ginjal ini dapat disembuhkan setelah penyebab penurunan aliran darah diketahui.
  • Gagal ginjal intrinsik akut yaitu gagal ginjal yang terjadi akibat adanya trauma pada ginjal seperti benturan atau kecekalaan juga kurangnya oksigen ke ginjal.
  • Gagal ginjal prerenal kronis yaitu tidak adanya darah yang cukup untuk mengalir ke ginjal dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Akibatnya, ginjal mulai menyusut dan tidak dapat berfungsi dengan maksimal.
  • Gagal ginjal intrinsik kronis adalah gagal ginjal yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan jangka panjang karena penyakit ginjal intrinsik. Penyakit ginjal intrinsik dapat berkembang dari trauma langsung pada ginjal seperti pendarahan hebat atau kekurangan oksigen.
  • Gagal ginjal pasca ginjal kronis, merupakan penyumbatan jangka panjang pada saluran kemih sehingga menyulitkan buang air kecil. Kondisi ini lambat laun meningkatkan tekanan dan kerusakan ginjal.

 

Penyebab gagal ginjal

Gagal ginjal dapat disebabkan oleh adanya masalah pada ginjal maupun masalah kesehatan lainnya. Dilansir dari Healthline, beberapa penyebab gagal ginjal antara lain:

  • Tekanan darah tinggi, di mana darah mengalir dengan tekanan yang tinggi termasuk ke ginjal. Seiring waktu, tekanan darah tinggi dapat merusak jaringan ginjal dan menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal.
  • Diabetes. Diabetes yang tidak terkontrol dapat menyebabkan kadar gula darah yang tidak terkontrol dan merusak beberapa organ tubuh termasuk ginjal.

Selain kedua penyebab di atas, gagal ginjal juga dapat disebabkan oleh penyakit lupus, penyakit ginjal polikistik, glomerulonephritis dan adanya infeksi pada ginjal.

 

Gejala gagal ginjal

Pada umumnya gagal ginjal stadium awal tidak menunjukkan gejala. Bahkan, ketika penyakit ginjal kronis terjadi dan menyebabkan kerusakan, Anda dapat merasa baik-baik saja. Namun, beberapa gejala yang muncul ketika ginjal tidak bekerja dengan baik antara lain:

  • Sulit atau tidak berkemih
  • Kelelahan
  • Sakit perut dan muntah
  • Sulit konsentrasi
  • Bengkak di sekitar tangan atau kaki
  • Nyeri dan kram otot

 

Pengobatan gagal ginjal

Penanganan gagal ginjal disesuaikan dengan penyebab dan komplikasi kerusakan ginjal yang terjadi. Penanganan masalah ginjal sejak dini dapat mencegah perburukan kondisi ginjal yang mengarah pada gagal ginjal. Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, beberapa pengobatan gagal ginjal yang dapat diberikan pada Anda antara lain:

1. Tindakan untuk menyeimbangkan cairan di dalam tubuh. Apabila kerusakan ginjal terjadi karena kekurangan cairan dalam darah maka dokter akan memberikan infus. Sebaliknya, jika kerusakan. ginjal karena terlalu banyak cairan maka dokter akan meresepkan obat-obatan diuretik untuk mengeluarkan cairan.

2. Pemberian obat-obatan. Jika ginjal tidak mampu menyaring zat kalium, maka dokter akan mresepkan obat untuk mencegah penumpukan kadar kalium dalam darah. Begitu juga jika kadar kalsium dalam darah turun terlalu rendah, maka dokter akan merekomendasikan infus kalsium.

3. Dialisis (cuci darah). Apabila ginjal tak mampu menyaring racun dalam darah, Anda mungkin memerlukan hemodialisis yaitu proses menghilangkan racun dan kelebihan cairan tubuh menggunakan mesin yang bekerja menggantikan fungsi ginjal.

Apabila kondisi ginjal cukup parah dan gagal ginjal sudah memasuki stadium akhir maka dokter dapat merekomendasikan transplantasi ginjal.

 

Ginjal adalah salah satu organ penting dalam sistem ekskresi manusia. Kerusakan ginjal seringkali tidak terdeteksi terutama pada tahapan awal. Untuk mencegahnya, lakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin agar dapat mengontrol tekanan darah dan kadar gula darah dalam tubuh.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 17:34

Mayo Clinic. Acute Kidney Failure. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20369048

Cleveland Clinic. Kidney Failure. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure

NHS. The Kidneys - A Basic Guide. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Kidneyhealth/Documents/kidney%20guide.pdf

 

Harvard Health. (2019). Kidney Failure. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/kidney-failure-a-to-z

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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.34msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5128 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5128
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 10114
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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